Nuclear factor 90 (NF90) is a novel virus sensor that serves to initiate antiviral innate immunity by triggering stress granule (SG) formation. However, the regulation of the NF90-SG pathway remains largely unclear. We found that Tim-3, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of NF90 and inhibits NF90-SG-mediated antiviral immunity. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection induces the up-regulation and activation of Tim-3 in macrophages, which in turn recruit the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM47 to the zinc finger domain of NF90 and initiate a proteasome-dependent degradation via K48-linked ubiquitination at Lys297. Targeted inactivation of Tim-3 enhances the NF90 downstream SG formation by selectively increasing the phosphorylation of protein kinase R and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, the expression of SG markers G3BP1 and TIA-1, and protecting mice from VSV challenge. These findings provide insights into the crosstalk between Tim-3 and other receptors in antiviral innate immunity and its related clinical significance.
Keywords: NF90; Tim-3; antiviral innate immunity; immunology; inflammation; mouse; ubiquitination; virus sensor.
© 2021, Dou et al.