The inflammatory chemokine CXC motif ligand 16 triggers platelet activation and adhesion via CXC motif receptor 6-dependent phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling

Circ Res. 2012 Oct 26;111(10):1297-307. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.276444. Epub 2012 Aug 27.

Abstract

Rationale: The recently discovered chemokine CXC motif ligand 16 (CXCL16) is highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and is a potential pathogenic mediator in coronary artery disease.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the role of CXCL16 on platelet activation and vascular adhesion, as well as the underlying mechanism and signaling pathway.

Methods and results: Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry revealed that CXCL16-specific receptor, CXC motif receptor 6, is highly expressed in platelets. According to flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, stimulation of platelets with CXCL16 induced platelet degranulation, integrin α(IIb)β(3) activation, and shape change. CXCL16 increased Akt phosphorylation (Thr(308)/Ser(473)), an effect abrogated by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin (100 nmol/L) and LY294002 (25 µmol/L). The phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitors and Akt inhibitor SH-6 (20 µmol/L) further diminished CXCL16-induced platelet activation. CXCL16-mediated platelet degranulation, integrin α(IIb)β(3) activation, and Akt phosphorylation were blunted in platelets lacking CXCL16-specific receptor CXC motif receptor 6. CXCL16-induced platelet activation was abrogated in Akt1- or Akt2-deficient platelets. CXCL16 enhanced platelet adhesion to endothelium in vitro after high arterial shear stress (2000(-s)) and to injured vascular wall in vivo after carotid ligation. CXCL16-induced stimulation of platelet adhesion again was prevented by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and Akt inhibitors. Apyrase and antagonists of platelet purinergic receptors P(2)Y(1) (MRS2179, 100 µmol/L) and especially P(2)Y(12) (Cangrelor, 10 µmol/L) blunted CXCL16-triggered platelet activation as well as CXCL16-induced platelet adhesion under high arterial shear stress in vitro and after carotid ligation in vivo.

Conclusions: The inflammatory chemokine CXCL16 triggers platelet activation and adhesion via CXC motif receptor 6-dependent phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling and paracrine activation, suggesting a decisive role for CXCL16 in linking vascular inflammation and thrombo-occlusive diseases.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Benzofurans
  • Blood Platelets / immunology
  • Blood Platelets / metabolism
  • Chemokine CXCL16
  • Chemokine CXCL6 / immunology*
  • Chemokine CXCL6 / metabolism*
  • Coronary Artery Disease / immunology
  • Coronary Artery Disease / metabolism
  • Endothelium, Vascular / immunology
  • Endothelium, Vascular / metabolism
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Mutant Strains
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / metabolism
  • Platelet Activation / immunology*
  • Platelet Adhesiveness / immunology*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / genetics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / metabolism
  • Quinolines
  • Receptors, CXCR / genetics
  • Receptors, CXCR / metabolism
  • Receptors, CXCR6
  • Signal Transduction / immunology*
  • Thrombosis / immunology
  • Thrombosis / metabolism
  • Vasculitis / immunology
  • Vasculitis / metabolism

Substances

  • (3aS,4S,9bS)-N-(2-(8-cyano-1-formyl-2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo(3,2-c)quinolin-4-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-4,6-difluorobenzofuran-2-carboxyamide
  • Benzofurans
  • Chemokine CXCL16
  • Chemokine CXCL6
  • Cxcl16 protein, mouse
  • Cxcr6 protein, mouse
  • Quinolines
  • Receptors, CXCR
  • Receptors, CXCR6
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
  • Akt1 protein, mouse
  • Akt2 protein, mouse
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt