Proapoptotic Bax and Bak are the key B-cell lymphoma-2 family members mediating apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. Cells doubly deficient for Bax and Bak are profoundly resistant to apoptotic stimuli originating from multiple stimuli. Here we describe mice in which Bax and Bak have been deleted specifically in T-cells using Lck-Cre. In these T cell-specific BaxBak-deficient mice, early T-cell progenitors accumulate in the thymus, with relative depletion of more mature T cells. In addition, bone marrow progenitor cells fail to progress to the double positive stage when cultured on OP9 stromal cells expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like 1, consistent with a critical role for Bax and Bak in early T-cell development. Over time, T cell-specific BaxBak-deficient mice progress to an aggressive T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Interestingly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of BaxBak-deficient T-cell lymphomas does not display amplification of the Notch signal transduction pathway, commonly activated in T-cell leukemia in both mouse and man. Bax and Bak, key regulators of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, are thus required to prevent T-cell malignancy, and for normal T-cell differentiation, regulating early T-cell development at the stage of early T-lineage progenitor cells.