Fabry disease (FD, OMIM 301500) is an X-linked inherited disorder of metabolism due to mutations in the gene encoding alpha-galactosidase A, a lysosomal enzyme. The enzymatic defect leads to the accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids throughout the body, particularly within endothelial cells. Resulting narrowing and tortuosity of small blood vessels lead to tissue ischaemia and infarction. Inability to prevent the progression of glycosphingolipid deposition causes significant morbidity (acroparesthesia, angiokeratoma, autonomic dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and deafness), and mortality from early onset strokes, heart attack and renal failure in adulthood. Demonstration of alpha-galactosidase A deficiency in leukocytes or plasma is the definitive method for the diagnosis of affected hemizygous males. Most heterozygotes present with a cardiac, renal or neurological symptomatology, although to a lesser extent than what is observed in hemizygotes. Due to random X-chromosomal inactivation, enzymatic detection of carriers is often inconclusive. Molecular testing of possible carriers is therefore mandatory for accurate genetic counselling. The GLA gene has been cloned and more than 200 mutations have been identified. Medical management is symptomatic and consists of partial pain relief with analgesic drugs (gabapentin, carbamazepine), whereas renal transplantation or dialysis is available for patients experiencing end-stage renal failure. However, the ability to produce high doses of alpha-galactosidase A in vitro has opened the way to clinical studies and enzyme replacement therapy has recently been validated as a therapeutic agent for FD patients in clinical trials. Long term safety and efficacy of replacement therapy are currently being investigated.