Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.

Urge incontinence is the strong, sudden need to urinate.

Difficulty in swallowing.

Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).

Frequently experiencing feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; struggling to recover from these moods; having a pessimistic outlook on the future; feeling a pervasive sense of shame; having a low self-worth; experiencing thoughts of suicide and engaging in suicidal behavior.

Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.

Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.

An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.

Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.

A shaky or wobbly manner of walking.

Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.

Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract.

Abnormal cognition is characterized by deficits in thinking, reasoning, or remembering.

Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.

A decrease in the ability to perceive vibration at the ankles. Clinically, this is usually tested with a tuning fork which vibrates at 128 Hz and is applied to the malleoli of the ankles.

Involuntary, fine, continuous, undulating contractions of the eyelid.

Diplopia is a condition in which a single object is perceived as two images, it is also known as double vision.

Nystagmus consisting of horizontal to-and-fro eye movements.

An abnormality of tracking eye movements in which smooth pursuit is interrupted by an abnormally high number of saccadic movements.