CYCS cytochrome c, somatic [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: CYCSprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: cytochrome c, somaticprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:19986
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000172115 MIM:123970; AllianceGenome:HGNC:19986
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: CYC; HCS; THC4
Summary: This gene encodes a small heme protein that functions as a central component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. The encoded protein associates with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it accepts electrons from cytochrome b and transfers them to the cytochrome oxidase complex. This protein is also involved in initiation of apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic thrombocytopenia. Numerous processed pseudogenes of this gene are found throughout the human genome.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]
Expression: Broad expression in heart (RPKM 66.9), colon (RPKM 54.4) and 24 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 7p15.3

Exon count:: 3

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2023_10	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	7	NC_000007.14 (25118656..25125260, complement)
RS_2023_10	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	7	NC_060931.1 (25253926..25260530, complement)
105.20220307	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	7	NC_000007.13 (25158275..25164879, complement)

Chromosome 7 - NC_000007.14 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Effects of naturally occurring S47F/A mutations on the structure and function of human cytochrome c.
Title: Effects of naturally occurring S47F/A mutations on the structure and function of human cytochrome c.
The oxidative nuclease activity of human cytochrome c with mutations in Omega-loop C/D.
Title: The oxidative nuclease activity of human cytochrome c with mutations in Ω-loop C/D.
Influence of cysteine-directed mutations at the Omega-loops on peroxidase activity of human cytochrome c.
Title: Influence of cysteine-directed mutations at the Ω-loops on peroxidase activity of human cytochrome c.
Declined expressions of vast mitochondria-related genes represented by CYCS and transcription factor ESRRA in skeletal muscle aging.
Title: Declined expressions of vast mitochondria-related genes represented by CYCS and transcription factor ESRRA in skeletal muscle aging.
Lysine 53 Acetylation of Cytochrome c in Prostate Cancer: Warburg Metabolism and Evasion of Apoptosis.
Title: Lysine 53 Acetylation of Cytochrome c in Prostate Cancer: Warburg Metabolism and Evasion of Apoptosis.
Altered structure and dynamics of pathogenic cytochrome c variants correlate with increased apoptotic activity.
Title: Altered structure and dynamics of pathogenic cytochrome c variants correlate with increased apoptotic activity.
VDAC1 Conversely Correlates with Cytc Expression and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Cancer Patients.
Title: VDAC1 Conversely Correlates with Cytc Expression and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Cancer Patients.
Distal Unfolding of Ferricytochrome c Induced by the F82K Mutation.
Title: Distal Unfolding of Ferricytochrome c Induced by the F82K Mutation.
Physical contact between cytochrome c1 and cytochrome c increases the driving force for electron transfer.
Title: Physical contact between cytochrome c(1) and cytochrome c increases the driving force for electron transfer.
Comparison of the structural dynamic and mitochondrial electron-transfer properties of the proapoptotic human cytochrome c variants, G41S, Y48H and A51V.
Title: Comparison of the structural dynamic and mitochondrial electron-transfer properties of the proapoptotic human cytochrome c variants, G41S, Y48H and A51V.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (63)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description	Tests
Thrombocytopenia 4 MedGen: C2677608 OMIM: 612004 GeneReviews: Not available	Compare labs

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association study of the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. EBI GWAS Catalog EBI GWAS CatalogPubMed

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction	Pubs
Knockdown of cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS) by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 replication in HeLa P4/R5 cells	PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	PDGF protects neurons from gp120-induced cytotoxicity through an increased phosphorylation of both GSK-3beta and Bad, the downregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax, and inhibition of gp120-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome C	PubMed
	env	Apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120/gp41 is involved in the translocation of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to an extra-mitochondrial localization and in the dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential	PubMed
	env	Treatment of cerebrocortical cultures with HIV-1 gp120 results in increased caspase-3 proteolytic activity, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and neuronal apoptosis	PubMed
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	env	Treatment of CD4+ cells with HIV-1 gp160 causes intracellular calcium increase followed by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria; association of BAD with Bcl-xL is observed, and a portion of BAD is dephosphorylated after gp160 induction	PubMed
Nef	nef	eEF1A/Nef complexes contain tRNAs and block stress-induced apoptosis in monocyte-derived macrophages through tRNA binding to cytochrome c	PubMed
Tat	tat	HIV-1 Tat induces apoptosis of human blood-retinal barrier-associated cells by downregulation of BCL2 and upregulation of BAK, BAX, and cytochrome c in a dose-dependent manner	PubMed
	tat	HIV-1 Tat-induced PARP cleavage during mitotic arrest occurs downstream of Tat-induced cytochrome c release during mitotic arrest in CD4+ T-lymphocytes	PubMed
	tat	FasL-induced release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9 are inhibited in HIV-1 Tat101-expressing Jurkat cells due to high stability of the mitochondrial inner membrane electrochemical potential	PubMed
	tat	Both HIV-1 Tat 47-59 and FITC-labeled Tat 47-59 peptides upregulate gene expression of cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS) in U-937 macrophages	PubMed
	tat	HIV-1 Tat (specifically, amino acids 38-72), enhances tubulin polymerization and triggers the mitochondrial pathway to induce T cell apoptosis as shown in vitro by the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria	PubMed
Vpr	vpr	HIV-1 Vpr induces downregulation of the Bcl-xl protein, upregulation of the Bax expression, and the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in multidrug-resistant human colorectal cancer cells	PubMed
	vpr	Overproduction of EEF2 blocks HIV-1 Vpr-induced cell death both in fission yeast and human cells, suppresses caspase 9 and caspase 3-mediated apoptosis induced by Vpr, and reduces cytochrome c release induced by Vpr	PubMed
retropepsin	gag-pol	HIV-1 PR interacts with mitochondrial proteins VDAC, cytochrome c, TOM22, and Bax in HeLa cells	PubMed
	gag-pol	HIV-1 protease directly cleaves and activates procaspase 8 in T cells, which is associated with cleavage of BID, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, activation of the downstream caspases 9 and 3, and cleavage of DFF and PARP	PubMed

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

NoName (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:9484

GDB:434012 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157204

GDB:314949 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:156503

D1S3438 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:28510

L17709 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:42599

RH79802 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:88688

RH78202 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:7551

SHGC-60475 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:82647

GDB:631813 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:158430

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables electron transfer activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables heme binding	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables metal ion binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular respiration	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
part_of apoptosome	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
located_in cytosol	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytosol	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
located_in cytosol	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in mitochondrial inner membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
is_active_in mitochondrial intermembrane space	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in mitochondrial intermembrane space	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in mitochondrial intermembrane space	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
located_in mitochondrion	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in mitochondrion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
located_in respirasome	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: cytochrome c

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.