Hyaluronidase 2 Deficiency Causes Increased Mesenchymal Cells, Congenital Heart Defects, and Heart Failure

Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017 Jan;10(1):e001598. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.001598.

Abstract

Background: Hyaluronan (HA) is required for endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and normal heart development in the mouse. Heart abnormalities in hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2)-deficient (Hyal2-/- ) mice and humans suggested removal of HA is also important for normal heart development. We have performed longitudinal studies of heart structure and function in Hyal2-/- mice to determine when, and how, HYAL2 deficiency leads to these abnormalities.

Methods and results: Echocardiography revealed atrial enlargement, atrial tissue masses, and valvular thickening at 4 weeks of age, as well as diastolic dysfunction that progressed with age, in Hyal2-/- mice. These abnormalities were associated with increased HA, vimentin-positive cells, and fibrosis in Hyal2-/- compared with control mice. Based on the severity of heart dysfunction, acute and chronic groups of Hyal2-/- mice that died at an average of 12 and 25 weeks respectively, were defined. Increased HA levels and mesenchymal cells, but not vascular endothelial growth factor in Hyal2-/- embryonic hearts, suggest that HYAL2 is important to inhibit endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Consistent with this, in wild-type embryos, HYAL2 and HA were readily detected, and HA levels decreased with age.

Conclusions: These data demonstrate that disruption of normal HA catabolism in Hyal2-/- mice causes increased HA, which may promote endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and proliferation of mesenchymal cells. Excess endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, resulting in increased mesenchymal cells, is the likely cause of morphological heart abnormalities in both humans and mice. In mice, these abnormalities result in progressive and severe diastolic dysfunction, culminating in heart failure.

Keywords: cor triatriatum; developmental biology; endocardium; extracellular matrix; live birth.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cardiomegaly / enzymology
  • Cardiomegaly / genetics
  • Cardiomegaly / pathology
  • Cardiomegaly / physiopathology
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Disease Progression
  • Endothelial Cells / metabolism
  • Endothelial Cells / pathology
  • Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
  • Fibrosis
  • GPI-Linked Proteins / deficiency
  • GPI-Linked Proteins / genetics
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Heart Defects, Congenital / enzymology*
  • Heart Defects, Congenital / genetics
  • Heart Defects, Congenital / pathology
  • Heart Defects, Congenital / physiopathology
  • Heart Failure / enzymology*
  • Heart Failure / genetics
  • Heart Failure / pathology
  • Heart Failure / physiopathology
  • Heart Valve Diseases / enzymology
  • Heart Valve Diseases / genetics
  • Heart Valve Diseases / pathology
  • Heart Valve Diseases / physiopathology
  • Hyaluronic Acid / metabolism
  • Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / deficiency*
  • Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / genetics
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / enzymology*
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / pathology
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Mice, Knockout
  • Myocardial Contraction
  • Phenotype
  • Stroke Volume
  • Time Factors
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / enzymology*
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / genetics
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / pathology
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / physiopathology
  • Ventricular Function, Left

Substances

  • GPI-Linked Proteins
  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Hyal2 protein, mouse
  • Hyaluronoglucosaminidase