Hepatic glucocorticoid and α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in calves change during neonatal maturation and are related to energy regulation

Catecholamines and glucocorticoids are involved in fetal maturation of organ systems to prepare the fetus for extrauterine life. Calves, especially when born preterm, depend on function of the adrenergic system and the glucocorticoid axis to adapt energy metabolism for the neonatal period. We tested the hypothesis that hepatic glucocorticoid and α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in neonatal calves are involved in adaptation of energy metabolism around birth and that respective binding capacities depend on stage of maturation during the neonatal period. Calves (n=7 per group) were delivered by section preterm (PT, 9d before term) or were born at term (full-term, FT; spontaneous vaginal delivery), or spontaneously born and fed colostrum for 4d (FTC). Blood samples were taken immediately after birth and before and 2h after feeding at 24h after birth (PT, FT) or on d 4 of life (FTC) to determine metabolic and endocrine changes. After slaughter at 26h after birth (PT, FT) or on d 4 of life (FTC), liver tissue was obtained to measure hepatic binding capacity of glucocorticoid and α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. Maximal binding capacity and binding affinity were calculated by saturation binding assays using [(3)H]-prazosin and [(3)H]-CGP-12177 for determination of α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, respectively, and [(3)H]-dexamethasone for determination of glucocorticoid receptor in liver. Additional liver samples were taken to measure mRNA abundance of glucocorticoid and α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, of key enzymes and factors related to hepatic lipid metabolism, and of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and leptin changed with time, and leptin concentrations were affected by stage of maturation. The binding capacities for hepatic glucocorticoid and β2-adrenergic receptors as well as gene expression of IGF1 were greater in FTC than in FT and PT, and binding affinity for β2-adrenergic receptor was lowest in PT. The binding capacity of hepatic α1-adrenergic receptor was greatest in FTC and greater in FT than in PT. The binding capacities of glucocorticoid and α1-adrenergic receptors were mainly related to variables of glucose and lipid metabolism. In conclusion, our results indicate dependence of hepatic glucocorticoid and adrenergic receptors on stage of maturation in neonatal calves and emphasize the association of α1-adrenergic receptor and glucocorticoid receptor with neonatal glucose and lipid metabolism.