Accumulating evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) act as critical epigenetic regulators in tumor carcinogenesis. Here, we report that miR-199a-3p was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer (GC) cell lines and tissues. Functional studies demonstrated that miR-199a-3p dramatically increased cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulator zinc fingers and homeoboxes 1 (ZHX1) was identified as one of the direct downstream targets of miR-199a-3p, miR-199a-3p bound to the ZHX1 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) to regulate ZHX1 protein expression. In addition, the expression of miR-199a-3p was inversely associated with that of ZHX1 in GC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-199a-3p in SGC-7901 cells inhibited ZHX1 expression, while reduction in miR-199a-3p by inhibitors in NCI-N87 cells enhanced ZHX1 expression. Moreover, restoring ZHX1 expression in SGC-7901/miR-199a-3p cells inhibited the cell proliferation induced by miR-199a-3p. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-199a-3p may function as a novel tumor promoter in GC and its oncogenic activity may involve the direct targeting and inhibition of ZHX1.