It has been reported that the expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) and neuronal apoptosis in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is related to the generation of neuropathic pain. In this study, we hypothesize that GCH1 protein and neuronal apoptosis in rat spinal dorsal horn may also increase after chronic sciatic nerve injury. To establish the neuropathic pain model, we slightly ligated the right sciatic nerve of experimental rats. Mechanical allodynia was observed in CCI group on the 3rd day postoperatively determined by the Von Frey test, and it lasted until the 14th day after operation. No matter which method we used, western blotting or immunohistochemistry analysis, they all showed the enhancement of GCH1 protein in spinal dorsal horn on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after operation due to the sciatic nerve injury (P < 0.05). The apoptosis of nerve cells also increased evidently compared with sham group detected by TUNEL staining (P < 0.05). Therefore, the data suggested that along with mechanical allodynia caused by peripheral nerve injury, both GCH1 level and apoptosis index of nerve cells in spinal dorsal horn was elevated, which might also contribute to the generation of neuropathic pain.