Objective: To detect possible relationship between genetic defect within the gene encoding member A3 of the ATP Binding Cassette family (ABCA3) and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), thus to understand the genetic mechanisms of NRDS in Han ethnic group.
Method: The clinical data of 11 cases with NRDS hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit was investigated. Blood samples were collected from 11 cases with NRDS and 97 unassociated normal individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA direct sequencing were performed to screen all exons and their flanking introns of ABCA3 gene for mutation analysis in 11 cases with NRDS. If a new missense variation was identified, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis was performed in 97 healthy controls. Lung tissue sample from a case who died 12 hours after birth was examined with light microscopy and electron microscopy.
Result: Three missense genetic variants in exons, which include c. 2169 G > A (p.M723I), c. 1010 T > G (p.V337G), c. 4972 A > G (p.S1658G), one splice junction site variation (Exon 30 + 2 T/G), several unreported polymorphism sites [213 C > T(p.F71F), exon 21 + 34C/T] and reported polymorphism site (p.F353F) were identified on ABCA3 gene coding region in 11 case. The homozygous variation (c.2169G > A), which was in exon 17 and causes an M723I amino acid change, was found in the case who died 13 hours after birth, but not detected in 97 controls, indicating that this variation is indeed a mutation and not a polymorphism. In the case carrying c.2169G > A, ultrastructural examination of the alveolar type II cells with electron microscopy demonstrated abnormally small and dense lamellar body with eccentrically distributed electron dense substance.
Conclusion: Genetic variants within ABCA3 may be the genetic cause of or a contributor to some unexplained refractory NRDS. Identification of ABCA3 genetic variant in NRDS infants is important to establish appropriate management and evaluation of treatment options, as well as to offer genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.