Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda

Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011 Mar;38(2):65-76. doi: 10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7.

Abstract

An unresolved issue in the field of implementation research is how to conceptualize and evaluate successful implementation. This paper advances the concept of "implementation outcomes" distinct from service system and clinical treatment outcomes. This paper proposes a heuristic, working "taxonomy" of eight conceptually distinct implementation outcomes-acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability-along with their nominal definitions. We propose a two-pronged agenda for research on implementation outcomes. Conceptualizing and measuring implementation outcomes will advance understanding of implementation processes, enhance efficiency in implementation research, and pave the way for studies of the comparative effectiveness of implementation strategies.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Biomedical Research / methods*
  • Biomedical Research / organization & administration*
  • Diffusion of Innovation*
  • Humans
  • Mental Health Services / organization & administration*
  • Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / methods
  • Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / organization & administration