Background: Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II transmembrane protein overexpressed in prostate cancer as well as in the neovasculature of several non-prostatic solid tumors. In addition to full-length PSMA, several splice variants exist in prostatic tissue. Notably, the N-terminally truncated PSMA variant, termed PSM', is prevalent in healthy prostate, and the ratio of PSMA/PSM' mRNA has been shown to correlate with cancer progression. The widely accepted hypothesis is that the PSM' protein is a translation product arising from the alternatively spliced PSM' mRNA.
Methods: Differential ultracentrifugation, cell surface biotinylation, Western blotting, and enzyme activity measurement were used to study the origin and localization of the PSMA/PSM' variants in prostatic (LNCaP; lymph-node carcinoma of the prostate) and non-prostatic (HEK293) cell lines. These experiments were further complemented by analysis of the N-glycosylation patterns of the PSMA/PSM' proteins and by site-directed mutagenesis.
Results: We identified PSM' protein expression in both the LNCaP cell line and a non-cancerous HEK293 human cell line transfected with a plasmid encoding full-length PSMA. Differential centrifugation revealed that PSM' is localized predominantly to the cytosol of both these cell lines and is proteolytically active. Furthermore, the PSM' protein is N-glycosylated by a mixture of high-mannose and complex type oligosaccharides and therefore trafficked beyond the cis-Golgi compartment.
Conclusions: Our data suggest that the PSM' protein is likely not generated by alternative splicing of the PSMA gene but by different mechanism, probably via an endoproteolytic cleavage of the full-length PSMA.
(c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.