Abstract
Here, we show that the human homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans biological clock protein CLK-2 (HCLK2) associates with the S-phase checkpoint components ATR, ATRIP, claspin and Chk1. Consistent with a critical role in the S-phase checkpoint, HCLK2-depleted cells accumulate spontaneous DNA damage in S-phase, exhibit radio-resistant DNA synthesis, are impaired for damage-induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and fail to recruit FANCD2 and Rad51 (critical components of the Fanconi anaemia and homologous recombination pathways, respectively) to sites of replication stress. Although Thr 68 phosphorylation of the checkpoint effector kinase Chk2 remains intact in the absence of HCLK2, claspin phosphorylation and degradation of the checkpoint phosphatase Cdc25A are compromised following replication stress as a result of accelerated Chk1 degradation. ATR phosphorylation is known to both activate Chk1 and target it for proteolytic degradation, and depleting ATR or mutation of Chk1 at Ser 345 restored Chk1 protein levels in HCLK2-depleted cells. We conclude that HCLK2 promotes activation of the S-phase checkpoint and downstream repair responses by preventing unscheduled Chk1 degradation by the proteasome.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / genetics
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Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / metabolism
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Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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Blotting, Western
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Cell Cycle / genetics
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Cell Cycle / physiology
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Cell Cycle Proteins / genetics
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Cell Cycle Proteins / metabolism
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Cell Line, Tumor
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Checkpoint Kinase 1
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DNA Damage
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DNA Repair
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Exodeoxyribonucleases / genetics
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Exodeoxyribonucleases / metabolism
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Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein / genetics
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Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein / metabolism
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HeLa Cells
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Humans
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Immunoprecipitation
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Models, Biological
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Phosphoproteins / genetics
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Phosphoproteins / metabolism
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Phosphorylation
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Protein Kinases / genetics
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Protein Kinases / metabolism*
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / genetics
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / physiology*
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Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
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RNA Interference
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RNA, Small Interfering / genetics
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S Phase / genetics
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S Phase / physiology*
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Signal Transduction / genetics
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Signal Transduction / physiology
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cdc25 Phosphatases / genetics
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cdc25 Phosphatases / metabolism
Substances
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ATRIP protein, human
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Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
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CLSPN protein, human
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Cell Cycle Proteins
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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FANCD2 protein, human
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Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein
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Phosphoproteins
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RNA, Small Interfering
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Protein Kinases
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Clk dual-specificity kinases
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Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
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ATR protein, human
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Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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CHEK1 protein, human
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Checkpoint Kinase 1
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
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Exodeoxyribonucleases
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three prime repair exonuclease 1
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CDC25A protein, human
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cdc25 Phosphatases