Abstract
The mechanism by which the eukaryotic DNA-replication machinery penetrates condensed chromatin structures to replicate the underlying DNA is poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that an ACF1-ISWI chromatin-remodeling complex is required for replication through heterochromatin in mammalian cells. ACF1 (ATP-utilizing chromatin assembly and remodeling factor 1) and an ISWI isoform, SNF2H (sucrose nonfermenting-2 homolog), become specifically enriched in replicating pericentromeric heterochromatin. RNAi-mediated depletion of ACF1 specifically impairs the replication of pericentromeric heterochromatin. Accordingly, depletion of ACF1 causes a delay in cell-cycle progression through the late stages of S phase. In vivo depletion of SNF2H slows the progression of DNA replication throughout S phase, indicating a functional overlap with ACF1. Decondensing the heterochromatin with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine reverses the effects of ACF1 and SNF2H depletion. Expression of an ACF1 mutant that cannot interact with SNF2H also interferes with replication of condensed chromatin. Our data suggest that an ACF1-SNF2H complex is part of a dedicated mechanism that enables DNA replication through highly condensed regions of chromatin.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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3T3 Cells
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Adenosine Triphosphatases / metabolism
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Adenosine Triphosphatases / physiology*
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Animals
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Aphidicolin / pharmacology
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Azacitidine / analogs & derivatives*
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Azacitidine / pharmacology
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Cells, Cultured
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Centromere / immunology
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Centromere / metabolism
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Chromatin / chemistry
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Chromatin / genetics
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Chromatin / physiology*
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Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / metabolism
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DNA / metabolism
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DNA Replication*
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DNA-Cytosine Methylases / metabolism
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Decitabine
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Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Gene Deletion
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Green Fluorescent Proteins
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HeLa Cells
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Heterochromatin / physiology*
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Humans
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Luminescent Proteins / metabolism
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Mice
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Nuclear Proteins / immunology
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Nuclear Proteins / metabolism
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Protamines*
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RNA, Small Interfering / metabolism
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism
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S Phase
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Transcription Factors / genetics
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Transcription Factors / physiology*
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Tumor Cells, Cultured
Substances
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BAZ1A protein, human
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Chromatin
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Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Heterochromatin
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ISWI protein
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Luminescent Proteins
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Nuclear Proteins
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Protamines
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RNA, Small Interfering
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins
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Transcription Factors
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protamine 2
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Green Fluorescent Proteins
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Aphidicolin
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Decitabine
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DNA
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DNA modification methylase HpaII
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DNA-Cytosine Methylases
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Adenosine Triphosphatases
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SMARCA5 protein, human
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Smarca5 protein, mouse
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Azacitidine