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PER2 period circadian regulator 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 8864, updated on 3-Apr-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
PER2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
period circadian regulator 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:8846
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000132326 MIM:603426; AllianceGenome:HGNC:8846
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
FASPS; FASPS1
Summary
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene may increase the risk of getting certain cancers and have been linked to sleep disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in testis (RPKM 8.7), gall bladder (RPKM 7.6) and 25 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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See PER2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
2q37.3
Exon count:
27
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (238244044..238300065, complement)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (238733782..238779869, complement)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (239152685..239197251, complement)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239142883-239143384 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239147110-239147678 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12492 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239149579-239150084 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239150085-239150590 Neighboring gene TARDBP pseudogene 3 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239154789-239155988 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239156797-239157297 Neighboring gene hes family bHLH transcription factor 6 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239172424-239172924 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239179613-239180112 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239187958-239188582 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239190897-239191397 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239192245-239192744 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239196189-239196711 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC112268433 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239196796-239197690 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12494 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 17380 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak4101 silencer Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239223693-239224192 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12495 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12496 Neighboring gene TRAF3 interacting protein 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 17381 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr2:239276069-239276272 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 17382 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239317872-239318404 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:239318939-239319470 Neighboring gene RNA, U6 small nuclear 234, pseudogene

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. PER2 integrates circadian disruption and pituitary tumorigenesis. Guo L, et al. Theranostics, 2023. PMID 37215573, Free PMC Article
  2. Per2 Expression Regulates the Spatial Working Memory of Mice through DRD1-PKA-CREB Signaling. Kim M, et al. Mol Neurobiol, 2022 Jul. PMID 35508866
  3. Period circadian regulator 2 suppresses drug resistance to cisplatin by PI3K/AKT pathway and improves chronochemotherapeutic efficacy in cervical cancer. Wang Z, et al. Gene, 2022 Jan 30. PMID 34648915
  4. PER2: a potential molecular marker for hematological malignancies. Jiang H, et al. Mol Biol Rep, 2021 Nov. PMID 34642831
  5. Targeting circadian PER2 as therapy in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Oyama Y, et al. Chronobiol Int, 2021 Sep. PMID 34034593, Free PMC Article

See all (191) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Transcription Repression of CRY2 via PER2 Interaction Promotes Adipogenesis.
    Title: Transcription Repression of CRY2 via PER2 Interaction Promotes Adipogenesis.
  2. Importance of Per2 in cardiac mitochondrial protection during stress.
    Title: Importance of Per2 in cardiac mitochondrial protection during stress.
  3. PER2 gene and its association with sleep-related disorders: A review.
    Title: PER2 gene and its association with sleep-related disorders: A review.
  4. PER2 binding to HSP90 enhances immune response against oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting IKK/NF-kappaB pathway and PD-L1 expression.
    Title: PER2 binding to HSP90 enhances immune response against oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting IKK/NF-κB pathway and PD-L1 expression.
  5. A Three-Way Interaction of Sex, PER2 rs56013859 Polymorphism, and Family Maltreatment in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.
    Title: A Three-Way Interaction of Sex, PER2 rs56013859 Polymorphism, and Family Maltreatment in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.
  6. PER2 Promotes Odontoblastic/Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells by Modulating Mitochondrial Metabolism.
    Title: PER2 Promotes Odontoblastic/Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells by Modulating Mitochondrial Metabolism.
  7. Insights into structure and activity relationship of clinically mutated PER1 and PER2 class A beta-lactamase enzymes.
    Title: Insights into structure and activity relationship of clinically mutated PER1 and PER2 class A β-lactamase enzymes.
  8. PER2 integrates circadian disruption and pituitary tumorigenesis.
    Title: PER2 integrates circadian disruption and pituitary tumorigenesis.
  9. Relationship between APOE, PER2, PER3 and OX2R Genetic Variants and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
    Title: Relationship between APOE, PER2, PER3 and OX2R Genetic Variants and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
  10. Transcription Factor EGR1 Regulates the Expression of the Clock Gene PER2 under IL-4 Stimulation in Human Keratinocytes.
    Title: Transcription Factor EGR1 Regulates the Expression of the Clock Gene PER2 under IL-4 Stimulation in Human Keratinocytes.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (146)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Advanced sleep phase syndrome 1
MedGen: C3807327 OMIM: 604348 GeneReviews: Not available
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Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • KIAA0347

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables transcription coactivator activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables transcription corepressor binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in chromatin remodeling ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in circadian regulation of gene expression IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in circadian regulation of gene expression ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in circadian regulation of translation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in circadian rhythm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in fatty acid metabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in gluconeogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in glycogen biosynthetic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in lactate biosynthetic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of circadian rhythm ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of fat cell proliferation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of protein ubiquitination ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of cell cycle ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of circadian rhythm ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of insulin secretion ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of neurogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of vasoconstriction ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in response to ischemia ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in white fat cell differentiation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in nucleolus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in nucleoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
is_active_in nucleus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleus ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  

General protein information

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Preferred Names
period circadian protein homolog 2
Names
circadian clock protein PERIOD 2
hPER2
period 2
period circadian clock 2
period circadian protein 2
period homolog 2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_012146.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    4957..49523
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_022817.3 → NP_073728.1  period circadian protein homolog 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_073728.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AB002345, AC012485, DA226434
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2528.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B4DH14
    Related
    ENSP00000254657.3, ENST00000254657.8
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd00130
    Location:333 → 434
    PAS; PAS domain; PAS motifs appear in archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Probably the most surprising identification of a PAS domain was that in EAG-like K+-channels. PAS domains have been found to bind ligands, and to act as sensors for light and oxygen in ...
    pfam08447
    Location:346 → 430
    PAS_3; PAS fold
    pfam12114
    Location:1046 → 1232
    Period_C; Period protein 2/3C-terminal region

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    238244044..238300065 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_047446232.1 → XP_047302188.1  period circadian protein homolog 2 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45

  2. XM_047446231.1 → XP_047302187.1  period circadian protein homolog 2 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45

  3. XM_005246111.5 → XP_005246168.1  period circadian protein homolog 2 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005246168.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B4DH14
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd00130
    Location:333 → 434
    PAS; PAS domain; PAS motifs appear in archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Probably the most surprising identification of a PAS domain was that in EAG-like K+-channels. PAS domains have been found to bind ligands, and to act as sensors for light and oxygen in ...
    pfam08447
    Location:346 → 430
    PAS_3; PAS fold
    pfam12114
    Location:1046 → 1232
    Period_C; Period protein 2/3C-terminal region

  4. XM_006712824.5 → XP_006712887.1  period circadian protein homolog 2 isoform X1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006712887.1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B4DH14
    Related
    ENSP00000516758.1, ENST00000707130.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd00130
    Location:333 → 434
    PAS; PAS domain; PAS motifs appear in archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Probably the most surprising identification of a PAS domain was that in EAG-like K+-channels. PAS domains have been found to bind ligands, and to act as sensors for light and oxygen in ...
    pfam08447
    Location:346 → 430
    PAS_3; PAS fold
    pfam12114
    Location:1046 → 1232
    Period_C; Period protein 2/3C-terminal region

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    238733782..238779869 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054344396.1 → XP_054200371.1  period circadian protein homolog 2 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45

  2. XM_054344395.1 → XP_054200370.1  period circadian protein homolog 2 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A2I2P7, O15055, Q4ZG49, Q6DT41, Q9UQ45

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

  1. NM_003894.3: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_003894.3: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript and the protein.
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
O15055.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O15055

Gene LinkOut

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