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BCO2 beta-carotene oxygenase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 83875, updated on 5-Mar-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
BCO2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
beta-carotene oxygenase 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:18503
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000197580 MIM:611740; AllianceGenome:HGNC:18503
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
BCDO2; B-DIOX-II
Summary
This gene encodes an enzyme which oxidizes carotenoids such as beta-carotene during the biosynthesis of vitamin A. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]
Expression
Broad expression in heart (RPKM 9.3), liver (RPKM 6.3) and 14 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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Location:
11q23.1
Exon count:
13
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 11 NC_000011.10 (112175512..112218946)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 11 NC_060935.1 (112185841..112229285)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 11 NC_000011.9 (112046235..112089669)

Chromosome 11 - NC_000011.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC107987164 Neighboring gene testis expressed 12 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:112048596-112048762 Neighboring gene potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 9 pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr11:112090776-112090983 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein S12 pseudogene 21 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3906 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3969 Neighboring gene 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase Neighboring gene ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 16

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids. Thomas LD, et al. J Biol Chem, 2020 Nov 13. PMID 32873706, Free PMC Article
  2. Mitochondrial β-Carotene 9',10' Oxygenase Modulates Prostate Cancer Growth via NF-κB Inhibition: A Lycopene-Independent Function. Gong X, et al. Mol Cancer Res, 2016 Oct. PMID 27406826
  3. Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases. Wu L, et al. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2016 Nov. PMID 27390265, Free PMC Article
  4. Inactivity of human β,β-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) underlies retinal accumulation of the human macular carotenoid pigment. Li B, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2014 Jul 15. PMID 24982131, Free PMC Article
  5. Towards a better understanding of carotenoid metabolism in animals. von Lintig J, et al. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2005 May 30. PMID 15949678

See all (26) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids.
    Title: The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids.
  2. Evolutionary aspects and enzymology of metazoan carotenoid cleavage oxygenases.
    Title: Evolutionary aspects and enzymology of metazoan carotenoid cleavage oxygenases.
  3. Enzymology of vertebrate carotenoid oxygenases.
    Title: Enzymology of vertebrate carotenoid oxygenases.
  4. Associations for BCO2, PCSK9, and TR1B1 Polymorphism and Lifestyle Factors with Ischemic Stroke
    Title: Associations for BCO2, PCSK9, and TR1B1 Polymorphism and Lifestyle Factors with Ischemic Stroke: A Nested Case-Control Study.
  5. Study identifies BCO2 as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer which mediates inhibition of NF-kB signaling. Its expression is decreased in human prostate cancer.
    Title: Mitochondrial β-Carotene 9',10' Oxygenase Modulates Prostate Cancer Growth via NF-κB Inhibition: A Lycopene-Independent Function.
  6. review of molecular aspects in carotenoid metabolism and diseases
    Title: Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases.
  7. Role of beta-Carotene 9,10-Dioxygenase in Macular Pigment Metabolism
    Title: Characterization of the Role of β-Carotene 9,10-Dioxygenase in Macular Pigment Metabolism.
  8. Inactivity of human beta,beta-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) underlies retinal accumulation of the human macular carotenoid pigment.
    Title: Inactivity of human β,β-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) underlies retinal accumulation of the human macular carotenoid pigment.
  9. a stepwise cleavage by BCO2 and BCO1 with APO10ol as an intermediate could provide a mechanism to tailor asymmetric carotenoids such as beta-cryptoxanthin for vitamin A production.
    Title: Two carotenoid oxygenases contribute to mammalian provitamin A metabolism.
  10. The gene encoding beta-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase, which cleaves the 9',10' double bond in beta-carotene into beta-apo-10'-carotenal, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.
    Title: Production of β-apo-10'-carotenal from β-carotene by human β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase expressed in E. coli.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (13)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
A genome-wide association study identifies protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs).
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide analysis of polymorphisms associated with cytokine responses in smallpox vaccine recipients.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide association study identifies variants at the IL18-BCO2 locus associated with interleukin-18 levels.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Novel gene variants predict serum levels of the cytokines IL-18 and IL-1ra in older adults.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

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General gene information

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Markers

Potential readthrough

Included genes: SDHD, TEX12

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ34464

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables 9,10 (9', 10')-carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables beta,beta-carotene-9',10'-cleaving oxygenase activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables carotenoid dioxygenase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables metal ion binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in carotene catabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in carotene catabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in carotene metabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in carotenoid metabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in lutein catabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in lycopene catabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in retinal metabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in retinal metabolic process NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in retinoic acid metabolic process NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in xanthophyll catabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in zeaxanthin catabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in mitochondrial matrix TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase, mitochondrial
Names
b,b-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase
beta,beta-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase
beta-carotene 9',10' oxygenase
beta-carotene dioxygenase 2
carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase
NP_001032367.3
NP_001243326.2
NP_001243327.2
NP_001243329.2
NP_114144.5

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001037290.4 → NP_001032367.3  carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase, mitochondrial isoform b

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains an alternate segment in the 5' UTR and uses a downstream start codon compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform b) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AP002884
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS41716.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B0YIX6
    Related
    ENSP00000414843.1, ENST00000438022.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03055
    Location:29 → 544
    RPE65; Retinal pigment epithelial membrane protein

  2. NM_001256397.3 → NP_001243326.2  carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase, mitochondrial isoform c

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) contains an alternate segment in the 5' UTR, uses a downstream start codon and an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform c) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AP002884
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS58182.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B0YIX6
    Related
    ENSP00000436615.1, ENST00000526088.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03055
    Location:29 → 538
    RPE65; Retinal pigment epithelial membrane protein

  3. NM_001256398.3 → NP_001243327.2  carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase, mitochondrial isoform d

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks two alternate in-frame exons compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform d) is shorter compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AP002884
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS58181.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B0YIX7
    Related
    ENSP00000354338.4, ENST00000361053.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03055
    Location:63 → 505
    RPE65; Retinal pigment epithelial membrane protein

  4. NM_001256400.3 → NP_001243329.2  carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase, mitochondrial isoform e

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at downstream start codon compared to variant 1. The encoded protein (isoform e) has a distinct N-terminus and is shorter than isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AP002884
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS58183.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B0YIX6
    Related
    ENSP00000431802.1, ENST00000532593.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03055
    Location:1 → 473
    RPE65; Retinal pigment epithelial membrane protein

  5. NM_031938.7 → NP_114144.5  carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase, mitochondrial isoform a

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest protein (isoform a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AP002884
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8358.2
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B0YIX5, B4DNC3, E9PBI8, E9PJJ1, Q8IUS0, Q96JC8, Q96JY5, Q9BYV7
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B0YIX6
    Related
    ENSP00000350314.5, ENST00000357685.11
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03055
    Location:74 → 577
    RPE65; Retinal pigment epithelial membrane protein

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000011.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    112175512..112218946
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060935.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    112185841..112229285
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q9BYV7.5 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9BYV7

Gene LinkOut

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