U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

PRM2 protamine 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 5620, updated on 11-Apr-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
PRM2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
protamine 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:9448
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000122304 MIM:182890; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9448
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
CT94.2
Summary
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, and are the major DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus of sperm in many vertebrates. They package the sperm DNA into a highly condensed complex in a volume less than 5% of a somatic cell nucleus. Many mammalian species have only one protamine (protamine 1); however, a few species, including human and mouse, have two. This gene encodes protamine 2, which is cleaved to give rise to a family of protamine 2 peptides. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have also been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]
Expression
Restricted expression toward testis (RPKM 2357.8) See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
Location:
16p13.13
Exon count:
2
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 16 NC_000016.10 (11275639..11276480, complement)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 16 NC_060940.1 (11311859..11312700, complement)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 16 NC_000016.9 (11369496..11370337, complement)

Chromosome 16 - NC_000016.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105371082 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124900380 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:11379964-11380464 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:11380465-11380965 Neighboring gene protamine 3 Neighboring gene small nucleolar RNA U13 Neighboring gene protamine 1

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. The Role of Protamine 2 Gene Expression and Caspase 9 Activity in Male Infertility. Zalata AA, et al. J Urol, 2016 Mar. PMID 26392304
  2. Protamine 2 precursors, protamine 1/protamine 2 ratio, DNA integrity and other sperm parameters in infertile patients. Torregrosa N, et al. Hum Reprod, 2006 Aug. PMID 16632464
  3. Effect of protamine-2 deficiency on ICSI outcome. Nasr-Esfahani MH, et al. Reprod Biomed Online, 2004 Dec. PMID 15670415
  4. Differential zinc and DNA binding by partial peptides of human protamine HP2. Bal W, et al. Mol Cell Biochem, 2001 Jun. PMID 11686187
  5. Lead interaction with human protamine (HP2) as a mechanism of male reproductive toxicity. Quintanilla-Vega B, et al. Chem Res Toxicol, 2000 Jul. PMID 10898591

See all (68) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Impact of tobacco smoking in association with H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 genes variants on male infertility.
    Title: Impact of tobacco smoking in association with H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 genes variants on male infertility.
  2. Spermatozoa retrieval in azoospermia and expression profile of JMJD1A, TNP2, and PRM2 in a subset of the Karachi population.
    Title: Spermatozoa retrieval in azoospermia and expression profile of JMJD1A, TNP2, and PRM2 in a subset of the Karachi population.
  3. Polymorphisms of sperm protamine genes and CMA3 staining in infertile men with varicocele.
    Title: Polymorphisms of sperm protamine genes and CMA3 staining in infertile men with varicocele.
  4. Protamine 1/Protamine 2 mRNA ratio in nonobstructive azoospermic patients.
    Title: Protamine 1/Protamine 2 mRNA ratio in nonobstructive azoospermic patients.
  5. Correlation Between Protamine-2 and miRNA-122 in Sperm from Heroin-addicted Men: A Case-Control Study.
    Title: Correlation Between Protamine-2 and miRNA-122 in Sperm from Heroin-addicted Men: A Case-Control Study.
  6. Evaluation of the association between polymorphisms of PRM1 and PRM2 and the risk of male infertility: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.
    Title: Evaluation of the association between polymorphisms of PRM1 and PRM2 and the risk of male infertility: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.
  7. Tobacco smoking and its impact on the expression level of sperm nuclear protein genes: H2BFWT, TNP1, TNP2, PRM1 and PRM2.
    Title: Tobacco smoking and its impact on the expression level of sperm nuclear protein genes: H2BFWT, TNP1, TNP2, PRM1 and PRM2.
  8. Bacterial infections have significant negative effects on sperm chromatin condensation and protamine P1/P2 ratio.
    Title: The effects of bacterial infection on human sperm nuclear protamine P1/P2 ratio and DNA integrity.
  9. Protamine-1 and protamine-2 mRNA levels as well as the protamine mRNA ratio and all routine semen parameters revealed significant differences between recurrent miscarriage couples and healthy volunteers. Values of protamine-1 and protamine-2 mRNAs were significantly higher and the protamine mRNA ratio was significantly lower in couples with recurrent miscarriage.
    Title: Unexplained recurrent miscarriages are associated with an aberrant sperm protamine mRNA content.
  10. Authors examined, for the first time in a Turkish population, the association between protamine gene alleles (PRM1 c.-190C>A, PRM1 c.197G>T, and PRM2 c.248C>T), and YBX2 (c.187T>C and c.1095 + 16A>G) and male infertility.
    Title: Genetic Polymorphisms in PRM1, PRM2, and YBX2 Genes are Associated with Male Factor Infertility.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (33)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genetic variants associated with disordered eating.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ27447

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables DNA binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables cadmium ion binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables ion binding EXP
Inferred from Experiment
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables zinc ion binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in chromosome condensation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in chromosome organization TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in nucleus organization IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in sequestering of metal ion EXP
Inferred from Experiment
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in spermatid development IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in spermatogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in male germ cell nucleus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in nucleoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
part_of nucleosome IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in nucleus HDA PubMed 
is_active_in nucleus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
protamine-2
Names
cancer/testis antigen family 94, member 2
sperm histone P2
sperm protamine P2
testicular secretory protein Li 40

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001286356.2 → NP_001273285.1  protamine-2 isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001273285.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate acceptor splice site at the last exon that causes a frameshift compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a longer and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC009121
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS66944.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P04554
    Related
    ENSP00000403681.2, ENST00000435245.2

  2. NM_001286357.2 → NP_001273286.1  protamine-2 isoform 3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses alternate donor and acceptor splice sites at the junction of exons 1 and 2 compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) lacks an internal protein segment and has a shorter C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC009121

  3. NM_001286358.2 → NP_001273287.1  protamine-2 isoform 4

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses an alternate acceptor splice site at the last exon that causes a frameshift compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) has a longer and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC009121
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P04554

  4. NM_001286359.2 → NP_001273288.1  protamine-2 isoform 5

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) uses an alternate donor splice site at the first exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (5) has a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC009121
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P04554

  5. NM_002762.4 → NP_002753.2  protamine-2 isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002753.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the predominant transcript and encodes the predominant isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC009121
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS42118.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P04554, Q6ZMM0
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1LZN1
    Related
    ENSP00000241808.5, ENST00000241808.9

RNA

  1. NR_104428.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (6) is alternatively spliced at the 3' end compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most expected translational start codon, as used in variant 1, renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC009121

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000016.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    11275639..11276480 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060940.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    11311859..11312700 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P04554.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P04554

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous