U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

HCAR1 hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 27198, updated on 5-Mar-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
HCAR1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4532
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000196917 MIM:606923; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4532
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
VALIDATED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
HCA1; GPR81; LACR1; FKSG80; GPR104; TAGPCR; TA-GPCR
Summary
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs), such as GPR81, contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins.[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2005]
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
See HCAR1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
12q24.31
Exon count:
1
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 12 NC_000012.12 (122726076..122730844, complement)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 12 NC_060936.1 (122721458..122726228, complement)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 12 NC_000012.11 (123210623..123215391, complement)

Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene microRNA 9902-2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5019 Neighboring gene hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123214153-123214820 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123218665-123219164 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 1215 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123235867-123236728 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5020 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 7236 Neighboring gene density regulated re-initiation and release factor Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5021 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 13845 Neighboring gene coiled-coil domain containing 62 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:123274450-123275003 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak2023 silencer Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr12:123296784-123296959 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 7238

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. The lactate receptor GPR81 is predominantly expressed in type II human skeletal muscle fibers: potential for lactate autocrine signaling. Nordström F, et al. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2023 Feb 1. PMID 36622074
  2. Insights into the regulation of podocyte and glomerular function by lactate and its metabolic sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 81. Grochowalska K, et al. J Cell Physiol, 2022 Nov. PMID 36084306
  3. Lactate receptor HCAR1 regulates cell growth, metastasis and maintenance of cancer‑specific energy metabolism in breast cancer cells. Jin L, et al. Mol Med Rep, 2022 Aug. PMID 35775372, Free PMC Article
  4. The lactate sensor GPR81 regulates glycolysis and tumor growth of breast cancer. Ishihara S, et al. Sci Rep, 2022 Apr 15. PMID 35428832, Free PMC Article
  5. HCAR1/MCT1 Regulates Tumor Ferroptosis through the Lactate-Mediated AMPK-SCD1 Activity and Its Therapeutic Implications. Zhao Y, et al. Cell Rep, 2020 Dec 8. PMID 33296645

See all (43) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. High Glucose Levels Promote Switch to Synthetic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Lactate/GPR81.
    Title: High Glucose Levels Promote Switch to Synthetic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Lactate/GPR81.
  2. Activation of GPR81 aggravated intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced acute lung injury via HMGB1-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps formation.
    Title: Activation of GPR81 aggravated intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced acute lung injury via HMGB1-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps formation.
  3. History and Function of the Lactate Receptor GPR81/HCAR1 in the Brain: A Putative Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia.
    Title: History and Function of the Lactate Receptor GPR81/HCAR1 in the Brain: A Putative Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia.
  4. The lactate receptor GPR81 is predominantly expressed in type II human skeletal muscle fibers: potential for lactate autocrine signaling.
    Title: The lactate receptor GPR81 is predominantly expressed in type II human skeletal muscle fibers: potential for lactate autocrine signaling.
  5. Insights into the regulation of podocyte and glomerular function by lactate and its metabolic sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 81.
    Title: Insights into the regulation of podocyte and glomerular function by lactate and its metabolic sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 81.
  6. Activation of lactate receptor HCAR1 down-modulates neuronal activity in rodent and human brain tissue.
    Title: Activation of lactate receptor HCAR1 down-modulates neuronal activity in rodent and human brain tissue.
  7. Lactate receptor HCAR1 regulates cell growth, metastasis and maintenance of cancerspecific energy metabolism in breast cancer cells.
    Title: Lactate receptor HCAR1 regulates cell growth, metastasis and maintenance of cancer‑specific energy metabolism in breast cancer cells.
  8. The lactate sensor GPR81 regulates glycolysis and tumor growth of breast cancer.
    Title: The lactate sensor GPR81 regulates glycolysis and tumor growth of breast cancer.
  9. Rare and potentially pathogenic variants in hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor genes identified in breast cancer cases.
    Title: Rare and potentially pathogenic variants in hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor genes identified in breast cancer cases.
  10. Transcriptomic and functional studies reveal miR-431-5p as a tumour suppressor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
    Title: Transcriptomic and functional studies reveal miR-431-5p as a tumour suppressor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (31)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables G protein-coupled receptor activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of lipid catabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in plasma membrane IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in plasma membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
Names
G protein-coupled receptor 104
G-protein coupled receptor 81
T-cell activation G protein-coupled receptor
hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 1
lactate receptor 1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_032554.4 → NP_115943.1  hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_115943.1

    Status: VALIDATED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC026333, AF345568
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS9236.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B2R9X4, Q3Y5J3, Q4VBN1, Q6NXU5, Q9BXC0
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A4Y1JWP1
    Related
    ENSP00000389255.1, ENST00000432564.3
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd15201
    Location:16 → 289
    7tmA_HCAR1-3; hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors, member of the class A family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    122726076..122730844 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    122721458..122726228 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q9BXC0.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9BXC0

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous