Prm2 protamine 2 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Prm2provided by MGI
Official Full Name: protamine 2provided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:97766
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038015 AllianceGenome:MGI:97766
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: Prm-2
Summary: Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, and are the major DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus of sperm in many vertebrates. They package the sperm DNA into a highly condensed complex in a volume less than 5% of a somatic cell nucleus. Many mammalian species have only one protamine (protamine 1); however, a few species, including human and mouse, have two. This gene encodes protamine 2, which is synthesized as a precursor and then cleaved to give rise to a family of protamine 2 peptides. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]
Expression: Restricted expression toward testis adult (RPKM 5910.5) See more
Orthologs: human all
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Genomic context

Location:: 16 A1; 16 5.84 cM

Exon count:: 2

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	16	NC_000082.7 (10609241..10609969, complement)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	16	NC_000082.6 (10791377..10792105, complement)

Chromosome 16 - NC_000082.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
BioProject: PRJNA66167
Publication: PMID 25409824
Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Loss of the cleaved-protamine 2 domain leads to incomplete histone-to-protamine exchange and infertility in mice.
Title: Loss of the cleaved-protamine 2 domain leads to incomplete histone-to-protamine exchange and infertility in mice.
Ppp1cc2 dephosphorylated protamine 2 at serine 56. Introduction of a Prm2 S56A mutation to Hspa4l-null mice restored the malformation of sperm heads and the infertility of Hspa4l (-/-) mice.
Title: Dephosphorylation of protamine 2 at serine 56 is crucial for murine sperm maturation in vivo.
of Prm2 leads not only to impaired histone to protamine exchange and disturbed DNA-hypercondensation, but also to severe membrane defects resulting in sperm immotility.
Title: Re-visiting the Protamine-2 locus: deletion, but not haploinsufficiency, renders male mice infertile.
juvenile spermatids from Ip6k1(-/-) mice display premature expression of the transition protein TNP2 and the protamine PRM2 due to translational derepression.
Title: IP6K1 is essential for chromatoid body formation and temporal regulation of Tnp2 and Prm2 expression in mouse spermatids.
In CBF-A knockout mice, expression of protamine 2 (PRM2) was reduced and the Prm2 mRNA was prematurely translated in a subset of elongating spermatids.
Title: The transacting factor CBF-A/Hnrnpab binds to the A2RE/RTS element of protamine 2 mRNA and contributes to its translational regulation during mouse spermatogenesis.
Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development.
Title: Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development.
Study shows that protamine 1 and 2 mRNAs, which are specific to the round spermatid stage, are repressed at the two-pronuclei and two-cell stages postfertilization, respectively, in embryos created by round spermatid injection, by distinct mechanisms.
Title: Transcriptional and epigenetic status of protamine 1 and 2 genes following round spermatids injection into mouse oocytes.
Germ cell nuclear factor acts as a repressor of basal transcription on both the Protamine 1 and Protamine 2 promoters.
Title: Reciprocal regulation of the mouse protamine genes by the orphan nuclear receptor germ cell nuclear factor and CREMtau.
direct correlation between the fraction of sperm with haploinsufficiency of PRM2 and the frequency of sperm with damaged DNA. Ultrastructural analysis revealed reduced compaction of the chromatin
Title: Protamine 2 deficiency leads to sperm DNA damage and embryo death in mice.

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Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Targeted (1) 1 citation
Endonuclease-mediated (4) 1 citation

General gene information

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Markers

X14004 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:160522

UniSTS:498766 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:498766

Prm2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:498766

AI528784 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:180862

Prm2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:526979

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables cadmium ion binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables ion binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables zinc ion binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within cell differentiation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within chromosome condensation	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in chromosome organization	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within multicellular organism development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in nucleus organization	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within nucleus organization	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sequestering of metal ion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in spermatid development	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within spermatid development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in spermatogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in chromosome	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
NOT located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in male germ cell nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleoplasm	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
part_of nucleosome	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in nucleus	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: protamine-2

Names: sperm histone P2; sperm protamine P2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.