RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate nuclear protein 220 (NP220); This subgroup corresponds to RRM1 and RRM2 of NP220, also termed zinc finger protein 638 (ZN638), or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen se33-1, or zinc finger matrin-like protein, a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). NP220 contains multiple domains, including MH1, MH2, and MH3, domains homologous to the acidic nuclear protein matrin 3; RS, an arginine/serine-rich domain commonly found in pre-mRNA splicing factors; PstI-HindIII, a domain essential for DNA binding; acidic repeat, a domain with nine repeats of the sequence LVTVDEVIEEEDL; and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif that is also present in matrin 3. It may be involved in packaging, transferring, or processing transcripts. This subgroup corresponds to the domain of MH2 that contains two tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018  998 SVVFISNLPNKGYSTEEIYNLAKPFGALKDILVLSSHKKAYIEIN-KKSADSMVKFYTCFPISMDGNQLSISMAPE 1072
Cdd:cd12716     1 CVVLISNLPEKGYTVEEISNLAKPFGGVNDILILSSHKKAYLEMNfKEAVDSMVKYYETFPVLVGGKRLKISMAEK 76

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568941018 1102 RFVHLDNLPEDGLQ--CVLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNFLKQNP 1160
Cdd:cd12715     1 RVIHLSNLPHSGYSdaAVLKLAEPYGKVKNYILMRMKNQAFLEMESREDAMAMVDHCKKKP 61

MAEBL; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  836 KGKSVKVCVPGKKKpqnKEMKKKPSDIKKSSASALKKETDASKTMETVSSSSSAKSGQIKSSTVKVNKCAGKSAGSVKSV 915
Cdd:PTZ00121 1297 KAEEKKKADEAKKK---AEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEAKKAAEAAKAEAEAAADEAEAAEEKAEAAEKKK 1373

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  916 VTVAAKGKASIKTAKSGKKSLEAKKSGNIKNKDSNkpvtvpansEIKASSEDKatgKSAEESPSGTLEATEKEPVNKESE 995
Cdd:PTZ00121 1374 EEAKKKADAAKKKAEEKKKADEAKKKAEEDKKKAD---------ELKKAAAAK---KKADEAKKKAEEKKKADEAKKKAE 1441

                  .
gi 568941018  996 E 996
Cdd:PTZ00121 1442 E 1442

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate nuclear protein 220 (NP220); This subgroup corresponds to RRM1 and RRM2 of NP220, also termed zinc finger protein 638 (ZN638), or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen se33-1, or zinc finger matrin-like protein, a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). NP220 contains multiple domains, including MH1, MH2, and MH3, domains homologous to the acidic nuclear protein matrin 3; RS, an arginine/serine-rich domain commonly found in pre-mRNA splicing factors; PstI-HindIII, a domain essential for DNA binding; acidic repeat, a domain with nine repeats of the sequence LVTVDEVIEEEDL; and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif that is also present in matrin 3. It may be involved in packaging, transferring, or processing transcripts. This subgroup corresponds to the domain of MH2 that contains two tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018  998 SVVFISNLPNKGYSTEEIYNLAKPFGALKDILVLSSHKKAYIEIN-KKSADSMVKFYTCFPISMDGNQLSISMAPE 1072
Cdd:cd12716     1 CVVLISNLPEKGYTVEEISNLAKPFGGVNDILILSSHKKAYLEMNfKEAVDSMVKYYETFPVLVGGKRLKISMAEK 76

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate matrin-3; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Matrin 3 (MATR3 or P130), a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), two zinc finger domains predicted to bind DNA, and two RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that are known to interact with RNA. MATR3 has been implicated in various biological processes. It is involved in RNA processing by interacting with other nuclear proteins to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix. It plays a role in mRNA stabilization through maintaining the stability of certain mRNA species. Besides, it modulates the activity of proximal promoters by binding to highly repetitive sequences of matrix/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). The phosphorylation of MATR3 is assumed to cause neuronal death. It is phosphorylated by the protein kinase ATM, which activates the cellular response to double strand breaks in the DNA. Its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) is responsible for the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Furthermore, MATR3 has been identified as both a Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding protein and a downstream substrate of caspases. Additional research indicates that matrin 3 also binds Rev/Rev responsive element (RRE)-containing viral RNA and functions as a cofactor that mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568941018 1102 RFVHLDNLPEDGLQ--CVLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNFLKQNP 1160
Cdd:cd12715     1 RVIHLSNLPHSGYSdaAVLKLAEPYGKVKNYILMRMKNQAFLEMESREDAMAMVDHCKKKP 61

RNA recognition motif;

                            10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568941018    774 LLVSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVP------CRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMplVIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:smart00360    2 LFVGNLPPD-TTEEELRELFSKFGKVESVRLVRdketgkSKGFAFVEFESEEDAEKALEALNGK--ELDGRPLKV 73

hnRNP-L/PTB/hephaestus splicing factor family; Included in this family of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins are PTB (polypyrimidine tract binding protein) and hnRNP-L. These proteins contain four RNA recognition motifs (rrm: pfam00067).

                           10        20        30        40        50        60
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018  1102 RFVHLDNLPEDGLQC-VLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNFLKQNPQNIGEH 1166
Cdd:TIGR01649    3 PVVHVRNLPQDVVEAdLVEALIPFGPVSYVMMLPGKRQALVEFEDEESAKACVNFATSVPIYIRGQ 68

hnRNP-L/PTB/hephaestus splicing factor family; Included in this family of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins are PTB (polypyrimidine tract binding protein) and hnRNP-L. These proteins contain four RNA recognition motifs (rrm: pfam00067).

                           10        20        30        40        50        60
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568941018   776 VSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSV 840
Cdd:TIGR01649    7 VRNLPQD-VVEADLVEALIPFGPVSYVMMLPGKRQALVEFEDEESAKACVNFATSVPIYIRGQPA 70

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate nuclear protein 220 (NP220); This subgroup corresponds to RRM1 and RRM2 of NP220, also termed zinc finger protein 638 (ZN638), or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen se33-1, or zinc finger matrin-like protein, a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). NP220 contains multiple domains, including MH1, MH2, and MH3, domains homologous to the acidic nuclear protein matrin 3; RS, an arginine/serine-rich domain commonly found in pre-mRNA splicing factors; PstI-HindIII, a domain essential for DNA binding; acidic repeat, a domain with nine repeats of the sequence LVTVDEVIEEEDL; and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif that is also present in matrin 3. It may be involved in packaging, transferring, or processing transcripts. This subgroup corresponds to the domain of MH2 that contains two tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018  998 SVVFISNLPNKGYSTEEIYNLAKPFGALKDILVLSSHKKAYIEIN-KKSADSMVKFYTCFPISMDGNQLSISMAPE 1072
Cdd:cd12716     1 CVVLISNLPEKGYTVEEISNLAKPFGGVNDILILSSHKKAYLEMNfKEAVDSMVKYYETFPVLVGGKRLKISMAEK 76

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in the matrin 3 family of nuclear proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the matrin 3 family of nuclear proteins consisting of Matrin 3 (MATR3), nuclear protein 220 (NP220) and similar proteins. MATR3 is a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein that has been implicated in various biological processes. NP220 is a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Both, Matrin 3 and NP220, contain two RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif at the C-terminal region.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018  772 SILLVSELPEDGFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSVKVCVPGK 847
Cdd:cd12436     1 RVLYLTGLPVSKYSEEDVLKLAEPFGKVNNVLLIRSKREAFIEMETAEDAQAMLSYCKTKPITIKGKKVKVSVSQK 76

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in the matrin 3 family of nuclear proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the matrin 3 family of nuclear proteins consisting of Matrin 3 (MATR3), nuclear protein 220 (NP220) and similar proteins. MATR3 is a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein that has been implicated in various biological processes. NP220 is a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Both, Matrin 3 and NP220, contain two RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif at the C-terminal region.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 568941018  998 SVVFISNLPNKGYSTEEIYNLAKPFGALKDILVLSSHKKAYIEINKKS-ADSMVKFYTCFPISMDGNQLSISMA 1070
Cdd:cd12436     1 RVLYLTGLPVSKYSEEDVLKLAEPFGKVNNVLLIRSKREAFIEMETAEdAQAMLSYCKTKPITIKGKKVKVSVS 74

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate matrin-3; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Matrin 3 (MATR3 or P130), a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), two zinc finger domains predicted to bind DNA, and two RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that are known to interact with RNA. MATR3 has been implicated in various biological processes. It is involved in RNA processing by interacting with other nuclear proteins to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix. It plays a role in mRNA stabilization through maintaining the stability of certain mRNA species. Besides, it modulates the activity of proximal promoters by binding to highly repetitive sequences of matrix/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). The phosphorylation of MATR3 is assumed to cause neuronal death. It is phosphorylated by the protein kinase ATM, which activates the cellular response to double strand breaks in the DNA. Its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) is responsible for the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Furthermore, MATR3 has been identified as both a Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding protein and a downstream substrate of caspases. Additional research indicates that matrin 3 also binds Rev/Rev responsive element (RRE)-containing viral RNA and functions as a cofactor that mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568941018 1102 RFVHLDNLPEDGLQ--CVLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNFLKQNP 1160
Cdd:cd12715     1 RVIHLSNLPHSGYSdaAVLKLAEPYGKVKNYILMRMKNQAFLEMESREDAMAMVDHCKKKP 61

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PTB, also known as 58 kDa RNA-binding protein PPTB-1 or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I), an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells. PTB also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTB contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RRM1 and RRM2 are independent from each other and separated by flexible linkers. By contrast, there is an unusual and conserved interdomain interaction between RRM3 and RRM4. It is widely held that only RRMs 3 and 4 are involved in RNA binding and RRM2 mediates PTB homodimer formation. However, new evidence shows that the RRMs 1 and 2 also contribute substantially to RNA binding. Moreover, PTB may not always dimerize to repress splicing. It is a monomer in solution.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  773 ILLVSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSVKVcvpgkKKPQN 852
Cdd:cd12777     2 VIHVRKLPND-VTEAEVISLGLPFGKVTNLLMLKGKNQAFIEMNTEEAANTMVNYYTSVTPVLRGQPIYI-----QFSNH 75

                  ....
gi 568941018  853 KEMK 856
Cdd:cd12777    76 KELK 79

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 20 (RBM20); This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM20, an alternative splicing regulator associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It contains only one copy of RNA-recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568941018  772 SILLVSELPEDGFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:cd12685     1 RVVHICNLPEGSCTENDVINLGLPFGKVTNYILMRSTNQAFLEMAYTEAAQAMVQYYQEKPAMINEEKLLI 71

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the majority of family members that include polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 1 and 2 (PTBPH1 and PTBPH2), and similar proteins. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. Rod1 is a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL protein plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. The family also includes polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3) found in plant. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to other family members, all of which contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). Although their biological roles remain unclear, both PTBPH1 and PTBPH2 show significant sequence similarity to PTB. However, in contrast to PTB, they have three RRMs. In addition, this family also includes RNA-binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) that is an alternative splicing regulator associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and contains only one RRM.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 568941018 1104 VHLDNLPEDGLQC-VLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNFLKQNPQNIG 1164
Cdd:cd12421     2 VHIRNLPPDATEAdLVALGLPFGKVTNVLLLKGKNQALVEMEDVESASSMVNYYTTVPPLIR 63

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and functions at several aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 also contains four RRMs. ROD1 coding protein Rod1 is a mammalian PTB homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein and negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It may play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. All members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  773 ILLVSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:cd12688     2 VLHIRKLPCD-VTEAEVISLGLPFGKVTNLLMLKGKNQAFLEMATEEAAVTMVNYYTPVTPHLRSQPIYI 70

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ROD1 coding protein Rod1, a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein that negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. Rod1 contains four repeats of RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and does have RNA binding activities.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 568941018  769 SSNSILLVSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:cd12779     3 SPSRVLHIRKIPND-VTEAEVISLGLPFGKVTNLLMLKGKNQAFLEMASEEAAVTMVNYYTTVTPHLRNQPVYI 75

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 568941018  774 LLVSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVP-----CRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMplVIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:cd00590     1 LFVGNLPPD-TTEEDLRELFSKFGEVVSVRIVRdrdgkSKGFAFVEFESPEDAEKALEALNGT--ELGGRPLKV 71

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), and similar proteins. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to hnRNP-L, which contains three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568941018  776 VSELPEdGFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSV 840
Cdd:cd12689     7 VRGLSE-HVTEADLVEALQNFGPISYVTMMPKKRQALVEFEDIEGAKACVNYAQQNPIYVGGRPA 70

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PTBP2, also known as neural polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or neurally-enriched homolog of PTB (nPTB), highly homologous to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568941018  773 ILLVSELPEDgFTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETM 831
Cdd:cd12778     3 VLHIRKLPGE-VTETEVIALGLPFGKVTNILMLKGKNQAFLELATEEAAITMVNYYTAV 60

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PTBP2, also known as neural polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or neurally-enriched homolog of PTB (nPTB), highly homologous to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 568941018  999 VVFISNLPNKGYSTEEIyNLAKPFGALKDILVLSSHKKAYIEI-NKKSADSMVKFYT 1054
Cdd:cd12778     3 VLHIRKLPGEVTETEVI-ALGLPFGKVTNILMLKGKNQAFLELaTEEAAITMVNYYT 58

MAEBL; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  834 VIKGKSVKVCVPGKKKPQNKEMKKKPSDIKKSSASALKKETDASKTMETVSSS---SSAKSGQIKSSTVKVNKC--AGKS 908
Cdd:PTZ00121 1347 AAKAEAEAAADEAEAAEEKAEAAEKKKEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEKKKADEAKKKaeeDKKKADELKKAAAAKKKAdeAKKK 1426

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  909 AGSVKSVVTVAAKGKASIKTAKSGKKSLEAKKSGNIKNKDSNKPVTVPANSEIKASSEDKATGKSAEESPSGTLEATEKE 988
Cdd:PTZ00121 1427 AEEKKKADEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKAEEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKKADEAKKAA 1506

                  ....*....
gi 568941018  989 PVNKESEEM 997
Cdd:PTZ00121 1507 EAKKKADEA 1515

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and functions at several aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 also contains four RRMs. ROD1 coding protein Rod1 is a mammalian PTB homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein and negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It may play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. All members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568941018 1102 RFVHLDNLPEDGLQC-VLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNF 1155
Cdd:cd12688     1 RVLHIRKLPCDVTEAeVISLGLPFGKVTNLLMLKGKNQAFLEMATEEAAVTMVNY 55

Zinc-finger double-stranded RNA-binding; This domain family is found in archaea and eukaryotes, and is approximately 30 amino acids in length. The mammalian members of this group occur multiple times along the protein, joined by flexible linkers, and are referred to as JAZ - dsRNA-binding ZF protein - zinc-fingers. The JAZ proteins are expressed in all tissues tested and localize in the nucleus, particularly the nucleolus. JAZ preferentially binds to double-stranded (ds) RNA or RNA/DNA hybrids rather than DNA. In addition to binding double-stranded RNA, these zinc-fingers are required for nucleolar localization.

                           10        20
                   ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018  1285 FFCPICSLFYSGEKAMANHCKSTRHK 1310
Cdd:pfam12171    2 FYCVLCDKYFKSENALQNHLKSKKHK 27

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ROD1 coding protein Rod1, a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein that negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. Rod1 contains four repeats of RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and does have RNA binding activities.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568941018 1101 NRFVHLDNLPEDGLQC-VLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNF 1155
Cdd:cd12779     5 SRVLHIRKIPNDVTEAeVISLGLPFGKVTNLLMLKGKNQAFLEMASEEAAVTMVNY 60

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568941018 1000 VFISNLPnKGYSTEEIYNLAKPFGALKDILVLSSHKK-----AYIE-INKKSADSMVKFYTCFPIsmDGNQLSIS 1068
Cdd:cd00590     1 LFVGNLP-PDTTEEDLRELFSKFGEVVSVRIVRDRDGkskgfAFVEfESPEDAEKALEALNGTEL--GGRPLKVS 72

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate matrin-3; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Matrin 3 (MATR3 or P130), a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), two zinc finger domains predicted to bind DNA, and two RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that are known to interact with RNA. MATR3 has been implicated in various biological processes. It is involved in RNA processing by interacting with other nuclear proteins to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix. It plays a role in mRNA stabilization through maintaining the stability of certain mRNA species. Besides, it modulates the activity of proximal promoters by binding to highly repetitive sequences of matrix/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). The phosphorylation of MATR3 is assumed to cause neuronal death. It is phosphorylated by the protein kinase ATM, which activates the cellular response to double strand breaks in the DNA. Its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) is responsible for the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Furthermore, MATR3 has been identified as both a Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding protein and a downstream substrate of caspases. Additional research indicates that matrin 3 also binds Rev/Rev responsive element (RRE)-containing viral RNA and functions as a cofactor that mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 568941018  795 PFGKISDVLLVPCRNEAYLEMELRKAVTSIMKYIETMPLVIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:cd12714    24 PFGIITNHLILNKINEAFIEMATTEEAQAAVDYYMTTPALVFGKPVRV 71

adenylate kinase; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568941018  849 KPQNKEMKKKPSDiKKSSASALKKETDASKTMETVSSSSSAKSGqiKSSTVKVNKCAGKSAGSVKSVVTVAAKG--KASI 926
Cdd:PRK13808  196 AANAKKAAKTPAA-KSGAKKASAKAKSAAKKVSKKKAAKTAVSA--KKAAKTAAKAAKKAKKTAKKALKKAAKAvkKAAK 272

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 568941018  927 KTAKSGKKSLEAKKSGNIKNKDSNKPVTVPANSEIKASSEDKATGKSA 974
Cdd:PRK13808  273 KAAKAAAKAAKGAAKATKGKAKAKKKAGKKAAAGSKAKATAKAPKRGA 320

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in nucleolar protein 8 (NOL8) and similar proteins; This model corresponds to the RRM of NOL8 (also termed Nop132) encoded by a novel NOL8 gene that is up-regulated in the majority of diffuse-type, but not intestinal-type, gastric cancers. Thus, NOL8 may be a good molecular target for treatment of diffuse-type gastric cancer. Also, NOL8 is a phosphorylated protein that contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), suggesting NOL8 is likely to function as a novel RNA-binding protein. It may be involved in regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level or in ribosome biogenesis in cancer cells.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568941018  785 TEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLV-----PCRNEAYLEMELRKA 820
Cdd:cd12226    12 TEDDLERRFSRFGTVSDVEIIrkkdaPDRGFAYIDLRTSEA 52

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate nuclear protein 220 (NP220); This subgroup corresponds to RRM1 and RRM2 of NP220, also termed zinc finger protein 638 (ZN638), or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen se33-1, or zinc finger matrin-like protein, a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). NP220 contains multiple domains, including MH1, MH2, and MH3, domains homologous to the acidic nuclear protein matrin 3; RS, an arginine/serine-rich domain commonly found in pre-mRNA splicing factors; PstI-HindIII, a domain essential for DNA binding; acidic repeat, a domain with nine repeats of the sequence LVTVDEVIEEEDL; and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif that is also present in matrin 3. It may be involved in packaging, transferring, or processing transcripts. This subgroup corresponds to the domain of MH2 that contains two tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 568941018 1104 VHLDNLPEDGL--QCVLCVGHQFGKVDRYMFMSNKNKVILQLESPESALSMYNFLKQNPQNIGEHVLTCTLSPK 1175
Cdd:cd12716     3 VLISNLPEKGYtvEEISNLAKPFGGVNDILILSSHKKAYLEMNFKEAVDSMVKYYETFPVLVGGKRLKISMAEK 76

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 (SART3) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SART3, also termed Tat-interacting protein of 110 kDa (Tip110), is an RNA-binding protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, including normal cells and malignant cells, but not in normal tissues except for the testes and fetal liver. It is involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing probably via its complex formation with RNA-binding protein with a serine-rich domain (RNPS1), a pre-mRNA-splicing factor. SART3 has also been identified as a nuclear Tat-interacting protein that regulates Tat transactivation activity through direct interaction and functions as an important cellular factor for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication. In addition, SART3 is required for U6 snRNP targeting to Cajal bodies. It binds specifically and directly to the U6 snRNA, interacts transiently with the U6 and U4/U6 snRNPs, and promotes the reassembly of U4/U6 snRNPs after splicing in vitro. SART3 contains an N-terminal half-a-tetratricopeptide repeat (HAT)-rich domain, a nuclearlocalization signal (NLS) domain, and two C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568941018  774 LLVSELPEDGfTEEDIRKAFLPFGKISDVLLVPCRNE-----AYLEME-LRKAVTSIMKYIETMplvIKGKSVKV 842
Cdd:cd12392     5 LFVKGLPFSC-TKEELEELFKQHGTVKDVRLVTYRNGkpkglAYVEYEnEADASQAVLKTDGTE---IKDHTISV 75