Protein Kinases, catalytic domain; The protein kinase superfamily is mainly composed of the catalytic domains of serine/threonine-specific and tyrosine-specific protein kinases. It also includes RIO kinases, which are atypical serine protein kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferases, and choline kinases. These proteins catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to hydroxyl groups in specific substrates such as serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues of proteins.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKRRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQRMSH 285
Cdd:cd13977    1 KYSLIREVGRGSYGVVYEAVVRRTGARVAVKKIRCNAPENVELALREFWALSSIQRQHPNVIQLEECVLQRDGLAQRMSH 80

                         90
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 242247037 286 GNKNSQLYLRLVETSLKGR 304
Cdd:cd13977   81 GSSKSDLYLLLVETSLKGE 99

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, PDLIM1 interacting kinase 1 like; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PDIK1L is also called STK35 or CLIK-1. It is predominantly a nuclear protein which is capable of autophosphorylation. Through its interaction with the PDZ-LIM protein CLP-36, it is localized to actin stress fibers. The PDIK1L subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKRRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQRMSH 285
Cdd:cd13977    1 KYSLIREVGRGSYGVVYEAVVRRTGARVAVKKIRCNAPENVELALREFWALSSIQRQHPNVIQLEECVLQRDGLAQRMSH 80

                         90
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 242247037 286 GNKNSQLYLRLVETSLKGR 304
Cdd:cd13977   81 GSSKSDLYLLLVETSLKGE 99

Protein kinase domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037  207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVEL--ALAEfwaLTSLKR-RHQNIVQFEECV 273
Cdd:pfam00069   1 YEVLRKLGSGSFGTVYKAKHRDTGKIVAIKKIKKEKIKKKKDknILRE---IKILKKlNHPNIVRLYDAF 67

cyclin-dependent kinase A; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAP-ENV-ELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECV 273
Cdd:PLN00009   3 QYEKVEKIGEGTYGVVYKARDRVTNETIALKKIRLEQEdEGVpSTAIREISLLKEM--QHGNIVRLQDVV 70

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, PDLIM1 interacting kinase 1 like; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PDIK1L is also called STK35 or CLIK-1. It is predominantly a nuclear protein which is capable of autophosphorylation. Through its interaction with the PDZ-LIM protein CLP-36, it is localized to actin stress fibers. The PDIK1L subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKRRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQRMSH 285
Cdd:cd13977    1 KYSLIREVGRGSYGVVYEAVVRRTGARVAVKKIRCNAPENVELALREFWALSSIQRQHPNVIQLEECVLQRDGLAQRMSH 80

                         90
                 ....*....|....*....
gi 242247037 286 GNKNSQLYLRLVETSLKGR 304
Cdd:cd13977   81 GSSKSDLYLLLVETSLKGE 99

Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain; Phosphotransferases. Serine or threonine-specific kinase subfamily.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 242247037   207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCD-APENVELALAEFWALTSLKrrHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGL 279
Cdd:smart00220   1 YEILEKLGEGSFGKVYLARDKKTGKLVAIKVIKKKkIKKDRERILREIKILKKLK--HPNIVRLYDVFEDEDKL 72

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. MAPKs serve as important mediators of cellular responses to extracellular signals. They control critical cellular functions including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. They are also implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including multiple types of cancer, stroke, diabetes, and chronic inflammation. Typical MAPK pathways involve a triple kinase core cascade comprising of the MAPK, which is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPK kinase (MAP2K or MKK), which itself is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K or MKKK). Each cascade is activated either by a small GTP-binding protein or by an adaptor protein, which transmits the signal either directly to a MAP3K to start the triple kinase core cascade or indirectly through a mediator kinase, a MAP4K. There are three typical MAPK subfamilies: Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and p38. Some MAPKs are atypical in that they are not regulated by MAP2Ks. These include MAPK4, MAPK6, NLK, and ERK7. The MAPK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIrcdapENVelalaeFWALTSLKR-----------RHQNIVQ 268
Cdd:cd07834    1 RYELLKPIGSGAYGVVCSAYDKRTGRKVAIKKI-----SNV------FDDLIDAKRilreikilrhlKHENIIG 63

Catalytic domain of Cell division control protein 7-like Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Members of this subfamily include Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc7, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc15, Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) epsilon, and related proteins. MAPKKKs phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases, which in turn phosphorylate and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. Fission yeast Cdc7 is essential for cell division by playing a key role in the initiation of septum formation and cytokinesis. Budding yeast Cdc15 functions to coordinate mitotic exit with cytokinesis. Arabidopsis MAPKKK epsilon is required for pollen development in the plasma membrane. The Cdc7-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRC--DAPENVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGL 279
Cdd:cd06627    1 NYQLGDLIGRGAFGSVYKGLNLNTGEFVAIKQISLekIPKSDLKSVMGEIDLLKKL--NHPNIVKYIGSVKTKDSL 74

Catalytic domain of STE family Protein Kinases; PKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine (ST) or tyrosine residues on protein substrates. This family is composed of STKs, and some dual-specificity PKs that phosphorylate both threonine and tyrosine residues of target proteins. Most members are kinases involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades, acting as MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), or MAPKKK kinases (MAP4Ks). The MAPK signaling pathways are important mediators of cellular responses to extracellular signals. The pathways involve a triple kinase core cascade comprising of the MAPK, which is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPKK, which itself is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPKKK. Each MAPK cascade is activated either by a small GTP-binding protein or by an adaptor protein, which transmits the signal either directly to a MAPKKK to start the triple kinase core cascade or indirectly through a mediator kinase, a MAP4K. Other STE family members include p21-activated kinases (PAKs) and class III myosins, among others. PAKs are Rho family GTPase-regulated kinases that serve as important mediators in the function of Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) and Rac. Class III myosins are motor proteins containing an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal actin-binding domain, which can phosphorylate several cytoskeletal proteins, conventional myosin regulatory light chains, as well as autophosphorylate the C-terminal motor domain. They play an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of photoreceptor cell microvilli. The STE family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 242247037 207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKrrHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGL 279
Cdd:cd05122    2 FEILEKIGKGGFGVVYKARHKKTGQIVAIKKINLESKEKKESILNEIAILKKCK--HPNIVKYYGSYLKKDEL 72

The catalytic domain of CAMK family Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. CaMKs are multifunctional calcium and calmodulin (CaM) stimulated STKs involved in cell cycle regulation. There are several types of CaMKs including CaMKI, CaMKII, and CaMKIV. CaMKI proteins are monomeric and they play pivotal roles in the nervous system, including long-term potentiation, dendritic arborization, neurite outgrowth, and the formation of spines, synapses, and axons. CaMKII is a signaling molecule that translates upstream calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals into downstream responses that play important roles in synaptic function and cardiovascular physiology. CAMKIV is implicated in regulating several transcription factors like CREB, MEF2, and retinoid orphan receptors, as well as in T-cell development and signaling. The CAMK family also consists of other related kinases including the Phosphorylase kinase Gamma subunit (PhKG), the C-terminal kinase domains of Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and Mitogen and stress-activated kinase (MSK), Doublecortin-like kinase (DCKL), and the MAPK-activated protein kinases MK2, MK3, and MK5, among others. The CAMK family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKI--RCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKrrHQNIVQFEE 271
Cdd:cd05117    1 KYELGKVLGRGSFGVVRLAVHKKTGEEYAVKIIdkKKLKSEDEEMLRREIEILKRLD--HPNIVKLYE 66

Catalytic domain of Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) 3-like Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily includes MAP4K3, MAP4K1, MAP4K2, MAP4K5, and related proteins. Vertebrate members contain an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal citron homology (CNH) regulatory domain. MAP4K1, also called haematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), is a hematopoietic-specific STK involved in many cellular signaling cascades including MAPK, antigen receptor, apoptosis, growth factor, and cytokine signaling. It participates in the regulation of T cell receptor signaling and T cell-mediated immune responses. MAP4K2 was referred to as germinal center (GC) kinase because of its preferred location in GC B cells. MAP4K3 plays a role in the nutrient-responsive pathway of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling. It is required in the activation of S6 kinase by amino acids and for the phosphorylation of the mTOR-regulated inhibitor of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. MAP4K5, also called germinal center kinase-related enzyme (GCKR), has been shown to activate the MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The MAP4K3-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 242247037 207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALAEfwaLTSLKR-RHQNIVQF 269
Cdd:cd06613    2 YELIQRIGSGTYGDVYKARNIATGELAAVKVIKLEPGDDFEIIQQE---ISMLKEcRHPNIVAY 62

Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 1-like Serine/Threonine Kinases and of Plant B-type Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of CDK, CDK2, and CDK3. CDK1 is also called Cell division control protein 2 (Cdc2) or p34 protein kinase, and is regulated by cyclins A, B, and E. The CDK1/cyclin A complex controls G2 phase entry and progression while the CDK1/cyclin B complex is critical for G2 to M phase transition. CDK2 is regulated by cyclin E or cyclin A. Upon activation by cyclin E, it phosphorylates the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein which activates E2F mediated transcription and allows cells to move into S phase. The CDK2/cyclin A complex plays a role in regulating DNA replication. Studies in knockout mice revealed that CDK1 can compensate for the loss of the cdk2 gene as it can also bind cyclin E and drive G1 to S phase transition. CDK3 is regulated by cyclin C and it phosphorylates pRB specifically during the G0/G1 transition. This phosphorylation is required for cells to exit G0 efficiently and enter the G1 phase. The plant-specific B-type CDKs are expressed from the late S to the M phase of the cell cycle. They are characterized by the cyclin binding motif PPT[A/T]LRE. They play a role in controlling mitosis and integrating developmental pathways, such as stomata and leaf development. CdkB has been shown to associate with both cyclin B, which controls G2/M transition, and cyclin D, which acts as a mediator in linking extracellular signals to the cell cycle. CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. The CDK1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 242247037 207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAP-ENV-ELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGL 279
Cdd:cd07835    1 YQKLEKIGEGTYGVVYKARDKLTGEIVALKKIRLETEdEGVpSTAIREISLLKEL--NHPNIVRLLDVVHSENKL 73

Protein kinase domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037  207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVEL--ALAEfwaLTSLKR-RHQNIVQFEECV 273
Cdd:pfam00069   1 YEVLRKLGSGSFGTVYKAKHRDTGKIVAIKKIKKEKIKKKKDknILRE---IKILKKlNHPNIVRLYDAF 67

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Plant TDY Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Plant MAPKs are typed based on the conserved phosphorylation motif present in the activation loop, TEY and TDY. This subfamily represents the TDY subtype and is composed of Group D plant MAPKs including Arabidopsis thaliana MPK18 (AtMPK18), Oryza sativa Blast- and Wound-induced MAPK1 (OsBWMK1), OsWJUMK1 (Wound- and JA-Uninducible MAPK1), Zea mays MPK6, and the Medicago sativa TDY1 gene product. OsBWMK1 enhances resistance to pathogenic infections. It mediates stress-activated defense responses by activating a transcription factor that affects the expression of stress-related genes. AtMPK18 is involved in microtubule-related functions. In plants, MAPKs are associated with physiological, developmental, hormonal, and stress responses. Some plants show numerous gene duplications of MAPKs; Arabidopsis thaliana harbors at least 20 MAPKs, named AtMPK1-20 while Oryza sativa contains at least 17 MAPKs. Arabidopsis thaliana contains more TEY-type MAPKs than TDY-type, whereas the reverse is true for Oryza sativa. The TDY MAPK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRcDAPENVELA---LAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVL 274
Cdd:cd07859    1 RYKIQEVIGKGSYGVVCSAIDTHTGEKVAIKKIN-DVFEHVSDAtriLREIKLLRLL--RHPDIVEIKHIML 69

Catalytic domain of Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3-like Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of MST3, MST4, STK25, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Nak1 and Sid1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae sporulation-specific protein 1 (SPS1), and related proteins. Nak1 is required by fission yeast for polarizing the tips of actin cytoskeleton and is involved in cell growth, cell separation, cell morphology and cell-cycle progression. Sid1 is a component in the septation initiation network (SIN) signaling pathway, and plays a role in cytokinesis. SPS1 plays a role in regulating proteins required for spore wall formation. MST4 plays a role in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling during cytoskeletal rearrangement, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. MST3 phosphorylates the STK NDR and may play a role in cell cycle progression and cell morphology. STK25 may play a role in the regulation of cell migration and polarization. The MST3-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCD-APENVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQRMS 284
Cdd:cd06609    2 LFTLLERIGKGSFGEVYKGIDKRTNQVVAIKVIDLEeAEDEIEDIQQEIQFLSQC--DSPYITKYYGSFLKGSKLWIIME 79

                 .
gi 242247037 285 H 285
Cdd:cd06609   80 Y 80

Catalytic domain of C-terminal Src kinase-like Protein Tyrosine Kinases; PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of Csk, Chk, and similar proteins. They are cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) PTKs containing the Src homology domains, SH3 and SH2, N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. They negatively regulate the activity of Src kinases that are anchored to the plasma membrane. To inhibit Src kinases, Csk and Chk are translocated to the membrane via binding to specific transmembrane proteins, G-proteins, or adaptor proteins near the membrane. Csk catalyzes the tyr phosphorylation of the regulatory C-terminal tail of Src kinases, resulting in their inactivation. Chk inhibit Src kinases using a noncatalytic mechanism by simply binding to them. As negative regulators of Src kinases, Csk and Chk play important roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and consequently, in cancer development and progression. The Csk-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as protein serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 209 LLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAgrSGARVAVKKIRCDApENVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQRMSHGNK 288
Cdd:cd05039   10 LGELIGKGEFGDVMLGDY--RGQKVAVKCLKDDS-TAAQAFLAEASVMTTL--RHPNLVQLLGVVLEGNGLYIVTEYMAK 84

                 ....*...
gi 242247037 289 NSQL-YLR 295
Cdd:cd05039   85 GSLVdYLR 92

Catalytic domain of CMGC family Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The CMGC family consists of Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinases (CDKs), Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38, and other kinases. CDKs belong to a large subfamily of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. MAPKs serve as important mediators of cellular responses to extracellular signals. They control critical cellular functions including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. They are also implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including multiple types of cancer, stroke, diabetes, and chronic inflammation. Other members of the CMGC family include casein kinase 2 (CK2), Dual-specificity tYrosine-phosphorylated and -Regulated Kinase (DYRK), Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3), among many others. The CMGC family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 242247037 207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENvELALAEFWALTSLKR--RHQNIVQ 268
Cdd:cd05118    1 YEVLRKIGEGAFGTVWLARDKVTGEKVAIKKIKNDFRHP-KAALREIKLLKHLNDveGHPNIVK 63

Serine/threonine protein kinase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIR---CDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQF 269
Cdd:COG0515    8 RYRILRLLGRGGMGVVYLARDLRLGRPVALKVLRpelAADPEARERFRREARALARL--NHPNIVRV 72

Catalytic domain of Fungal Pat1-like Serine/Threonine kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pat1 (also called Ran1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae VHS1 and KSP1, and similar fungal STKs. Pat1 blocks Mei2, an RNA-binding protein which is indispensable in the initiation of meiosis. Pat1 is inactivated and Mei2 activated, which initiates meiosis, under nutrient-deprived conditions through a signaling cascade involving Ste11. Meiosis induced by Pat1 inactivation may show different characteristics than normal meiosis including aberrant positioning of centromeres. VHS1 was identified in a screen for suppressors of cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition, while KSP1 may be involved in regulating PRP20, which is required for mRNA export and maintenance of nuclear structure. The Pat1-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVEL-------ALAEFwALTSLKRRHQNIVQFEE 271
Cdd:cd13993    1 RYQLISPIGEGAYGVVYLAVDLRTGRKYAIKCLYKSGPNSKDGndfqklpQLREI-DLHRRVSRHPNIITLHD 72

Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase Like Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of CDKL1-5 and similar proteins. Some CDKLs, like CDKL1 and CDKL3, may be implicated in transformation and others, like CDKL3 and CDKL5, are associated with mental retardation when impaired. CDKL2 plays a role in learning and memory. CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. The CDKL subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVK--KIRCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEE 271
Cdd:cd07833    2 KYEVLGVVGEGAYGVVLKCRNKATGEIVAIKkfKESEDDEDVKKTALREVKVLRQL--RHENIVNLKE 67

Protein tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase; Protein phosphorylation, which plays a key role in most cellular activities, is a reversible process mediated by protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of the gamma phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates (often ATP) to one or more amino acid residues in a protein substrate side chain, resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function. Phosphoprotein phosphatases catalyze the reverse process. Protein kinases fall into three broad classes, characterized with respect to substrate specificity; Serine/threonine-protein kinases, tyrosine-protein kinases, and dual specificity protein kinases (e.g. MEK - phosphorylates both Thr and Tyr on target proteins). This entry represents the catalytic domain found in a number of serine/threonine- and tyrosine-protein kinases. It does not include the catalytic domain of dual specificity kinases.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037  209 LLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVA----GRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELA-LAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLA--- 280
Cdd:pfam07714   3 LGEKLGEGAFGEVYKGTLkgegENTKIKVAVKTLKEGADEEEREDfLEEASIMKKL--DHPNIVKLLGVCTQGEPLYivt 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*
gi 242247037  281 QRMSHGNKNSqlYLR 295
Cdd:pfam07714  81 EYMPGGDLLD--FLR 93

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 4 (also called ERK4) and 6 (also called ERK3); STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. MAPK4 (also called ERK4 or p63MAPK) and MAPK6 (also called ERK3 or p97MAPK) are atypical MAPKs that are not regulated by MAPK kinases. MAPK6 is expressed ubiquitously with highest amounts in brain and skeletal muscle. It may be involved in the control of cell differentiation by negatively regulating cell cycle progression in certain conditions. It may also play a role in glucose-induced insulin secretion. MAPK6 and MAPK4 cooperate to regulate the activity of MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5), leading to its relocation to the cytoplasm and exclusion from the nucleus. The MAPK6/MK5 and MAPK4/MK5 pathways may play critical roles in embryonic and post-natal development. MAPKs are important mediators of cellular responses to extracellular signals. The MAPK4/6 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 242247037 205 PRYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKrrHQNIVQ 268
Cdd:cd07854    5 SRYMDLRPLGCGSNGLVFSAVDSDCDKRVAVKKIVLTDPQSVKHALREIKIIRRLD--HDNIVK 66

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 15 and similar MAPKs; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Human MAPK15 is also called Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase 8 (ERK8) while the rat protein is called ERK7. ERK7 and ERK8 display both similar and different biochemical properties. They autophosphorylate and activate themselves and do not require upstream activating kinases. ERK7 is constitutively active and is not affected by extracellular stimuli whereas ERK8 shows low basal activity and is activated by DNA-damaging agents. ERK7 and ERK8 also have different substrate profiles. Genome analysis shows that they are orthologs with similar gene structures. ERK7 and ERK 8 may be involved in the signaling of some nuclear receptor transcription factors. ERK7 regulates hormone-dependent degradation of estrogen receptor alpha while ERK8 down-regulates the transcriptional co-activation androgen and glucocorticoid receptors. MAPKs are important mediators of cellular responses to extracellular signals. The MAPK15 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIrCDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLK--RRHQNIVQ 268
Cdd:cd07852    8 RYEILKKLGKGAYGIVWKAIDKKTGEVVALKKI-FDAFRNATDAQRTFREIMFLQelNDHPNIIK 71

Catalytic domain of AMP-activated protein kinase-like Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The AMPK-like subfamily is composed of AMPK, MARK, BRSK, NUAK, MELK, SNRK, TSSK, and SIK, among others. LKB1 serves as a master upstream kinase that activates AMPK and most AMPK-like kinases. AMPK, also called SNF1 (sucrose non-fermenting1) in yeasts and SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase1) in plants, is a heterotrimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic alpha subunit and two regulatory subunits, beta and gamma. It is a stress-activated kinase that serves as master regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism by monitoring carbon and energy supplies, via sensing the cell's AMP:ATP ratio. MARKs phosphorylate tau and related microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and regulates microtubule-based intracellular transport. They are involved in embryogenesis, epithelial cell polarization, cell signaling, and neuronal differentiation. BRSKs play important roles in establishing neuronal polarity. TSSK proteins are almost exclusively expressed postmeiotically in the testis and play important roles in spermatogenesis and/or spermiogenesis. The AMPK-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKI-RCDAPENVELALA-EFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEE 271
Cdd:cd14003    1 NYELGKTLGEGSFGKVKLARHKLTGEKVAIKIIdKSKLKEEIEEKIKrEIEIMKLL--NHPNIIKLYE 66

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Plant TEY Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Plant MAPKs are typed based on the conserved phosphorylation motif present in the activation loop, TEY and TDY. This subfamily represents the TEY subtype of plant MAPKs and is further subdivided into three groups (A, B, and C). Group A is represented by AtMPK3, AtMPK6, Nicotiana tabacum BTF4 (NtNTF4), among others. They are mostly involved in environmental and hormonal responses. AtMPK3 and AtMPK6 are also key regulators for stomatal development and patterning. Group B is represented by AtMPK4, AtMPK13, and NtNTF6, among others. They may be involved in both cell division and environmental stress response. AtMPK4 also participates in regulating innate immunity. Group C is represented by AtMPK1, AtMPK2, NtNTF3, Oryza sativa MAPK4 (OsMAPK4), among others. They may also be involved in stress responses. AtMPK1 and AtMPK2 are activated following mechanical injury and in the presence of stress chemicals such as jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid. OsMAPK4 is also called OsMSRMK3 for Multiple Stress-Responsive MAPK3. In plants, MAPKs are associated with physiological, developmental, hormonal, and stress responses. Some plants show numerous gene duplications of MAPKs; Arabidopsis thaliana harbors at least 20 MAPKs, named AtMPK1-20. The TEY MAPK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRcDAPENVELALAEFWALTSLKR-RHQNIVQFEECV 273
Cdd:cd07858    6 KYVPIKPIGRGAYGIVCSAKNSETNEKVAIKKIA-NAFDNRIDAKRTLREIKLLRHlDHENVIAIKDIM 73

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Cell Division Cycle 2-like 1; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. CDC2L1, also called PITSLRE, exists in different isoforms which are named using the alias CDK11(p). The CDC2L1 gene produces two protein products, CDK11(p110) and CDK11(p58). CDC2L1 is also represented by the caspase-processed CDK11(p46). CDK11(p110), the major isoform, associates with cyclin L and is expressed throughout the cell cycle. It is involved in RNA processing and the regulation of transcription. CDK11(p58) associates with cyclin D3 and is expressed during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. It plays roles in spindle morphogenesis, centrosome maturation, sister chromatid cohesion, and the completion of mitosis. CDK11(p46) is formed from the larger isoforms by caspases during TNFalpha- and Fas-induced apoptosis. It functions as a downstream effector kinase in apoptotic signaling pathways and interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 3f (eIF3f), p21-activated kinase (PAK1), and Ran-binding protein (RanBPM). CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. The CDC2L1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 242247037 207 YSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDapENVE----LALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVL 274
Cdd:cd07843    7 YEKLNRIEEGTYGVVYRARDKKTGEIVALKKLKME--KEKEgfpiTSLREINILLKL--QHPNIVTVKEVVV 74

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Plant Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP)/Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Kinase Kinase 1; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of plant MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) including Arabidopsis thaliana MEKK1 and MAPKKK3. Arabidopsis thaliana MEKK1 activates MPK4, a MAPK that regulates systemic acquired resistance. MEKK1 also participates in the regulation of temperature-sensitive and tissue-specific cell death. MAPKKKs phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases, which in turn phosphorylate and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. The plant MEKK1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 242247037 213 IGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRC-----DAPENVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQF 269
Cdd:cd06632    8 LGSGSFGSVYEGFNGDTGDFFAVKEVSLvdddkKSRESVKQLEQEIALLSKL--RHPNIVQY 67

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Members of this subfamily are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinases (MAPKKKs or MKKKs) and include ASK1, ASK2, and MAPKKK15. ASK1 (also called MAPKKK5) functions in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK signaling pathways by directly activating their respective MAPKKs, MKK4/MKK7 and MKK3/MKK6. It plays important roles in cytokine and stress responses, as well as in reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular responses. ASK1 is implicated in various diseases mediated by oxidative stress including inschemic heart disease, hypertension, vessel injury, brain ischemia, Fanconi anemia, asthma, and pulmonary edema, among others. ASK2 (also called MAPKKK6) functions only in a heteromeric complex with ASK1, and can activate ASK1 by direct phosphorylation. The function of MAPKKK15 is still unknown. The ASK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 242247037 213 IGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELaLAEFWALTSlKRRHQNIVQF 269
Cdd:cd06624   16 LGKGTFGVVYAARDLSTQVRIAIKEIPERDSREVQP-LHEEIALHS-RLSHKNIVQY 70

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase subfamily 2, group 3; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The SnRKs form three different subfamilies designated SnRK1-3. SnRK2 is represented in this cd. SnRK2s are involved in plant response to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent plant development. The SnRK2s subfamily is in turn classed into three subgroups, all 3 of which are represented in this CD. Group 1 comprises kinases not activated by ABA, group 2 - kinases not activated or activated very weakly by ABA (depending on plant species), and group 3 - kinases strongly activated by ABA. The SnRKs belong to a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKI-RCDA-PENVELALAEFWALtslkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQRM 283
Cdd:cd14665    1 RYELVKDIGSGNFGVARLMRDKQTKELVAVKYIeRGEKiDENVQREIINHRSL-----RHPNIVRFKEVILTPTHLAIVM 75

                         90
                 ....*....|...
gi 242247037 284 SHGNkNSQLYLRL 296
Cdd:cd14665   76 EYAA-GGELFERI 87

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Fungal Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase (CDK), Bypass UAS Requirement 1, and similar proteins; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. BUR1, also called SGV1, is a yeast CDK that is functionally equivalent to mammalian CDK9. It associates with the cyclin BUR2. BUR genes were orginally identified in a genetic screen as factors involved in general transcription. The BUR1/BUR2 complex phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. In addition, this complex regulates histone modification by phosporylating Rad6 and mediating the association of the Paf1 complex with chromatin. CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. The BUR1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRC-DAPENVEL-ALAEFWALTSLKrrHQNIVQFEECVLQR 276
Cdd:cd07866    9 DYEILGKLGEGTFGEVYKARQIKTGRVVALKKILMhNEKDGFPItALREIKILKKLK--HPNVVPLIDMAVER 79

Catalytic domain of the dual-specificity Protein Kinase, Mitogen-activated protein Kinase Kinase 4; PKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine (ST) or tyrosine residues on protein substrates. MKK4 is a dual-specificity PK that phosphorylates and activates the downstream targets, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK, on specific threonine and tyrosine residues. JNK and p38 are collectively known as stress-activated MAPKs, as they are activated in response to a variety of environmental stresses and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their activation is associated with the induction of cell death. Mice deficient in MKK4 die during embryogenesis and display anemia, severe liver hemorrhage, and abnormal hepatogenesis. MKK4 may also play roles in the immune system and in cardiac hypertrophy. It plays a major role in cancer as a tumor and metastasis suppressor. Under certain conditions, MKK4 is pro-oncogenic. The MKK4 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 242247037 210 LAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRC 240
Cdd:cd06616   11 LGEIGRGAFGTVNKMLHKPSGTIMAVKRIRS 41

Catalytic domain of Plant dual-specificity Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases and similar proteins; PKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine (ST) or tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Members of this group include MAPKKs from plants, kinetoplastids, alveolates, and mycetozoa. The MAPKK, LmxPK4, from Leishmania mexicana, is important in differentiation and virulence. Dictyostelium discoideum MEK1 is required for proper chemotaxis; MEK1 null mutants display severe defects in cell polarization and directional movement. Plants contain multiple MAPKKs like other eukaryotes. The Arabidopsis genome encodes for 10 MAPKKs while poplar and rice contain 13 MAPKKs each. The functions of these proteins have not been fully elucidated. There is evidence to suggest that MAPK cascades are involved in plant stress responses. In Arabidopsis, MKK3 plays a role in pathogen signaling; MKK2 is involved in cold and salt stress signaling; MKK4/MKK5 participates in innate immunity; and MKK7 regulates basal and systemic acquired resistance. The MAPKK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 242247037 209 LLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVELALA-EfwaLTSLKR-RHQNIVQF 269
Cdd:cd06623    5 RVKVLGQGSSGVVYKVRHKPTGKIYALKKIHVDGDEEFRKQLLrE---LKTLRScESPYVVKC 64

Catalytic domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinases, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase and Leukocyte Tyrosine Kinase; PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyr residues in protein substrates. ALK and LTK are orphan receptor PTKs (RTKs) whose ligands are not yet well-defined. ALK appears to play an important role in mammalian neural development as well as visceral muscle differentiation in Drosophila. ALK is aberrantly expressed as fusion proteins, due to chromosomal translocations, in about 60% of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). ALK fusion proteins are also found in rare cases of diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). LTK is mainly expressed in B lymphocytes and neuronal tissues. It is important in cell proliferation and survival. Transgenic mice expressing TLK display retarded growth and high mortality rate. In addition, a polymorphism in mouse and human LTK is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. RTKs contain an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular tyr kinase domain. They are usually activated through ligand binding, which causes dimerization and autophosphorylation of the intracellular tyr kinase catalytic domain. The ALK/LTK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 242247037 203 ARPRYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEA-VAGRSGA----RVAVKKIRCDAPENVELA-LAEfwALTSLKRRHQNIVQF 269
Cdd:cd05036    4 PRKNLTLIRALGQGAFGEVYEGtVSGMPGDpsplQVAVKTLPELCSEQDEMDfLME--ALIMSKFNHPNIVRC 74

Catalytic domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Abelson kinase; PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. Abl (or c-Abl) is a ubiquitously-expressed cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) PTK that contains SH3, SH2, and tyr kinase domains in its N-terminal region, as well as nuclear localization motifs, a putative DNA-binding domain, and F- and G-actin binding domains in its C-terminal tail. It also contains a short autoinhibitory cap region in its N-terminus. Abl function depends on its subcellular localization. In the cytoplasm, Abl plays a role in cell proliferation and survival. In response to DNA damage or oxidative stress, Abl is transported to the nucleus where it induces apoptosis. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, an aberrant translocation results in the replacement of the first exon of Abl with the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene. The resulting BCR-Abl fusion protein is constitutively active and associates into tetramers, resulting in a hyperactive kinase sending a continuous signal. This leads to uncontrolled proliferation, morphological transformation and anti-apoptotic effects. BCR-Abl is the target of selective inhibitors, such as imatinib (Gleevec), used in the treatment of CML. Abl2, also known as ARG (Abelson-related gene), is thought to play a cooperative role with Abl in the proper development of the nervous system. The Tel-ARG fusion protein, resulting from reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 12, is associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The TEL gene is a frequent fusion partner of other tyr kinase oncogenes, including Tel/Abl, Tel/PDGFRbeta, and Tel/Jak2, found in patients with leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders. The Abl subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as protein serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 242247037 204 RPRYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDApENVELALAEFWALTSLKrrHQNIVQ 268
Cdd:cd05052    5 RTDITMKHKLGGGQYGEVYEGVWKKYNLTVAVKTLKEDT-MEVEEFLKEAAVMKEIK--HPNLVQ 66

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Thousand-and-One Amino acids proteins; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. TAO proteins possess mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase activity. They activate the MAPKs, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), by phosphorylating and activating the respective MAP/ERK kinases (MEKs, also known as MKKs or MAPKKs), MEK3/MEK6 and MKK4/MKK7. MAPK signaling cascades are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. Vertebrates contain three TAO subfamily members, named TAO1, TAO2, and TAO3. The TAO subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRCDAPENVEL---ALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQ 275
Cdd:cd06607    2 IFEDLREIGHGSFGAVYYARNKRTSEVVAIKKMSYSGKQSTEKwqdIIKEVKFLRQL--RHPNTIEYKGCYLR 72

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase Like 5; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Mutations in the gene encoding CDKL5, previously called STK9, are associated with early onset epilepsy and severe mental retardation [X-linked infantile spasm syndrome (ISSX) or West syndrome]. In addition, CDKL5 mutations also sometimes cause a phenotype similar to Rett syndrome (RTT), a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder. These pathogenic mutations are located in the N-terminal portion of the protein within the kinase domain. CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. The CDKL5 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 206 RYSLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAVAGRSGARVAVKKIRcDAPENVEL---ALAEFWALTSLKRrhQNIVQFEECVLQRNGLAQR 282
Cdd:cd07848    2 KFEVLGVVGEGAYGVVLKCRHKETKEIVAIKKFK-DSEENEEVketTLRELKMLRTLKQ--ENIVELKEAFRRRGKLYLV 78

                 ....*..
gi 242247037 283 MSHGNKN 289
Cdd:cd07848   79 FEYVEKN 85

Catalytic domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Csk homologous kinase; PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. Chk is also referred to as megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase (Matk). Chk inhibits Src kinases using a noncatalytic mechanism by simply binding to them. As a negative regulator of Src kinases, Chk may play important roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and consequently, in cancer development and progression. Chk is expressed in brain and hematopoietic cells. Like Csk, it is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing the Src homology domains, SH3 and SH2, N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. To inhibit Src kinases that are anchored to the plasma membrane, Chk is translocated to the membrane via binding to specific transmembrane proteins, G-proteins, or adaptor proteins near the membrane. Studies in mice reveal that Chk is not functionally redundant with Csk and that it plays an important role as a regulator of immune responses. Chk also plays a role in neural differentiation in a manner independent of Src by enhancing Mapk activation via Ras-mediated signaling. The Chk subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as protein serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 242247037 208 SLLAEIGRGSYGVVYEAvaGRSGARVAVKKIRCDApeNVELALAEFWALTSLkrRHQNIVQFEECVLQrNGL---AQRMS 284
Cdd:cd05083    9 TLGEIIGEGEFGAVLQG--EYMGQKVAVKNIKCDV--TAQAFLEETAVMTKL--QHKNLVRLLGVILH-NGLyivMELMS 81

                 ...
gi 242247037 285 HGN 287
Cdd:cd05083   82 KGN 84